Cause of Cyberbullying Essay

Cyber-bullying is when a person uses the Internet in order to deliberately cause repeated harm to another individual or to embarrass them. Cyber-bullying can include threats, sexual harassment or continued unwanted contact with a person via email, social networks, forums or instant messaging. Cyber-bullies have also been known to post personal information such as phone numbers, addresses and full names on forums or other websites. Almost half of American teens have experienced cyber-bullying. In a study conducted by iSafe. rg, 42 percent of kids have been bullied at least once while online. Twenty-five percent of those kids have had this happen multiple times. One in five kids has been threatened multiple times online. Over 20 percent of kids have received threatening emails. Fifty-eight percent of kids have not told anyone about their cyber-bullying experiences. Almost half of the kids who experienced cyber-bullying had no idea of their perpetrator’s identity. Many individuals choose to cyber-bully others online because they can hide their identity. Cyber-bullies often create fake screen names, social profiles, and email addresses in order to harass and bully their victim without being recognized. This allows the bully to be free of getting into real trouble for their behavior. There can be some serious effects on the victims of cyber-bullying. Many victims have increased suicidal thoughts, fear, worry, frustration, anger, depression, becoming paranoid and a decrease in self-esteem. Sometimes a victim may even begin avoiding their friends and normal activities due to their anger and frustration. Teens often begin to do worse in their classes due to their minds not being on their school work but on their cyber-bully. The effects of cyber-bullying can, in rare cases, cause a victim to commit suicide. There have been four cases of suicides due to cyber-bullying recorded in the United States. Cyber-bullying adult victims can cause the victim to lose earnings, reputation and employment opportunities. Cyber-bullies may post the victim’s name and make up various lies about the person, defaming them. Many employment companies do a web search on a person’s name before hiring them and this may be something that they find. Children and teenagers are becoming more technologically savvy and are looking to the Internet and their cell phones for entertainment, and to social networks to meet new people who share the same interests as them. It was only a matter of time before bullying made its way to the Internet, especially through modes like MySpace and Facebook. Cyber-bullies have been making news lately with the recent deaths of children across the nation who has perished because of online bullying campaigns. Some examples of cyber-bullying include sending threatening emails, text messages or comments to another person; tricking someone into revealing private or embarrassing information and sending it to others; breaking into someone’s email or social media account and sending false messages to others while posing as this person; and creating web pages to make fun of another person. Even though the bullying doesn’t take place on a one-on-one basis, Myspace cyber-bullying and other forms of cyber-bullying still show the same effects. Rather than just being bullied while in the classroom or playground, children can be the target of cyber-bullying 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Some of the more general effects of cyber bullying include poor performance at school, depression and low self-esteem. Because cyber-bullying can take place outside of the classroom and at a more frequent rate, the child may experience more extreme cases of these effects. Cyber-bullying also can happen accidentally. The impersonal nature of text messages, IMs, and emails make it very hard to detect the sender’s tone, one teen’s joke or sense of humor could be another’s devastating insult. Nevertheless, a repeated pattern of emails, text messages, and online posts is rarely accidental. Bullying has been around for many generations and some people would say that it is just a part of growing up. If your child experiences physical threats, report it to the owners of the websites or local officials and keep a log of the bullying. As the saying goes, â€Å"What doesn’t kill you only makes you stronger. † However in today’s technologically advanced age, the death of a child is never worth it.

Exploring a Communication in Arabic Lingua Culture Essay

Conversation is the most basic form of communication and human beings rely on conversation to exchange information and maintain social relationships (Gardner 1994: 97). Human interactions rely on conversation for simple chatting as well as work related tasks, political discussions and educational decisions (Gardner 1994: 98). Conversation is at the heart of the human ability to interact with one another in everyday life. Communicative events typically involve definable boundaries and a joint effort at interaction (Orr 2008: 317). A communicative event that occurs within its social boundaries becomes an engagement between two people (Orr 2008: 317). In other words, a communicative event between two friends results in an engagement that has meaning to both parties involved. In contrast, a communicative event that is between two strangers, such as a shopper and salesperson, cannot be considered an engagement because when the encounter is over it holds no meaning to those involved (Orr 2008: 317). Further, a communicative event is only successful when both parties involved contribute to the process of understanding as the conversation takes place (Aune, Levine, Park, Asada, & Banas 2005: 358). In a communicative event between friends, each friend is responsible for contributing something to the conversation that will make the interaction meaningful for both people. When both friends are not contributing to the communicative event equally, then the encounter fails to have meaning and makes the person who is contributing view his or her friend negatively (Aune, et al 2005: 358). An analysis of a communicative event that occurred between two friends in Saudi Arabia is offered. This analysis includes a discussion of the eleven components that Saville-Troike identifies. The Communicative Event Cultural analysis is an important part of discussing linguistics and communication. However, linguistics is not typically associated with a cultural analysis even though the conversation styles and traditions of different cultures are an essential component to communicative events (Wierzbicka 1997: 1). In fact, there is a very close link between culture and the lexicon of the language spoken as part of that culture. This is why many cultures rely on special words for important aspects of their culture such as food (Wierzbicka 1997: 1). Additionally, many cultures, such as the Arabic culture, rely on special greetings and phrases as part of their communicative events. These special greetings and phrases add depth to the communicative events and allow them to have meaning to the people involved. The conversation analyzed for this paper occurred between two friends and included a special greeting as well as common phrases used in Saudi Arabian culture. These components of the communicative event allowed the interaction to mean something to the two friends and resulted in positive feelings from both. The definition of a communicative event and a consideration to cultural differences is particularly useful for language teachers because it gives them insight into the importance of specific aspects of communicative events that differ across cultural boundaries. Language teachers are most successful when they are able to incorporate aspects of native language into new language acquisition. Changing the way that language teachers instruct is a constant part of the job of language teachers (Jacobs & Farrell 2003: 5). At the same time, it is important that a language teacher give students the tools necessary for learner autonomy, understanding the social nature of learning, the ability for curricular integration, a focus on meaning, attention to diversity, thinking skills, assessment and utilizing the teacher as a co learner (Jacobs & Farrell 2003: 5). These eight skills are essential for language teachers to implement in order to allow students to rely on their native language while also learning a new language. Further, sensitivity to cultural differences in language style will allow the language teacher to provide students with authentic opportunities to engage in meaningful communicative events. At the same time, language teachers cannot choose to only implement one or two of these components. They are all necessary components to successful language instruction. Classroom language instruction is an important part of the job of a language teacher. However, the type of language instruction has an impact on how well students acquire language skills (Spada 1987: 137). A study of three separate language classrooms over a period of sixty observation hours shows that students are sensitive to the communicative orientation of new language acquisition (Spada 1987: 137). The reason behind this observation is the different communicative styles utilized by different cultures. For example, the special greeting and phrases used the in conversation to be analyzed here differ from the style of communication in other cultures. Therefore, sensitivity to different communicative styles may result in better instruction and higher levels of learning. The ability to improve in the speaking, listening and discourse areas of language learning seem to be related to classroom instruction style (Spada 1987: 137). When a language teacher begins to work with a specific location, the first step is to study the community that will make up the instructional population. This is important so the language teacher is able to gather important information about the social organization and important aspects of the culture in order to relate that information to the culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 107). At the same time, it is important for language teachers to discover the way that native speakers structure their communicative events in order to gain insight into the importance of different communication components important to that specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 107). Ultimately, the goal of a language teacher would be to make many careful and thorough observations of native speakers engaging in a variety of different communicative events so a complete understanding of communication can be gathered. Once this job is completed the language teacher should be able to model communicative events after the communicative events of native speakers (Saville-Troike 1989: 107). To this end, Saville-Troike introduces eleven components that will each be commented on as they relate to the communicative example used in this paper: type of event, topic, purpose or function, setting, key, participants, message form, message content, act sequence, rules for interaction and norms for interaction (1989: 138). Type of Event, Topic, Purpose and Setting The type of event, topic, purpose and setting make up the scene of the communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 139). The type of event analyzed is an informal conversation between two university friends who have not seen or spoken to one another for a week. The topic of the conversation is the time that has gone by without speaking or seeing one another and includes a discussion about why so much time has passed as well as plans to spend time together in the near future. The purpose of the communicative event is time for the friends to catch up with one another and make plans to engage in further conversation. Finally, the setting for the communicative event is Abha City in the Southern Province of Saudi Arabia. These four components of this specific communicative event make up the whole scene. While only the setting can be directly observed, the type of event, the topic and the purpose of this communicative event are equally as important for gathering information about the cultural aspects of Arabic linguistics and conversation style (Saville-Troike 1989: 139). Further cultural information can be obtained by observing the traditions and customs of a specific culture with regards to communication. This communicative event occurred between two friends and included the special greeting, â€Å"Peace be upon you† and â€Å"peace be upon you too. † This greeting is an essential aspect of Arabic communicative events and means that there is goodwill among the two friends. If this greeting would have been omitted from the conversation it would indicate that the friends were angry with one another. When analyzing components of a communicative event that are not directly visible it is important to be watching for important information regarding the sacred nature of communication and what that looks like for different cultures (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). For example, in this communicative event between two friends, an observer cannot see what the type of event or what the purpose of the event is. However, listening to the conversation and watching for customs and traditions provides valuable insight into the nature of cultural differences and what is important (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). These observations will allow an observer to discover what is sacred to a culture with regards to communication as well as what types of beliefs are important to them. Further, an observer can learn what behaviors are unacceptable, what the purpose of particular behaviors are and see external signs of participation in ritual parts of a communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). Key The key of a communicative event is introduced in order to provide the tone, manner or spirit of the encounter (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). This can take the form of teasing versus seriously discussing something, being sincere versus sarcastic, being friendly versus hostile or being sympathetic versus threatening (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). The type of key that is present in a communicate event relies on the type of relationship the people involved in conversation have. In this case, the communicative event was informal, but respectful and was a sincere and friendly exchange between two friends. However, if the conversation took a sarcastic key, the sarcasm would have overridden the sincerity of the interaction thus making the conversation far less meaningful than it was (Saville-Troike 1989: 142). In this way, the strongest key takes center stage and is determined by who the participants of the communicate event are, what their relationship as well as the nature of the conversation. Further, the key of the communicative event may be determined through the use of nonverbal cues in addition to the dialogue. For example, if one person winks at the other this may suggest some teasing during the conversation while a stiff posture may indicate that a serious conversation is occurring (Saville-Troike 1989: 142). Observing the communicative event that is analyzed here, the nonverbal cues may have included changes in facial expression when the friends began to discuss why one friend had been to busy to spend time with friends. Watching these facial expressions would lend insight into how serious or friendly the communicative event really was. Participants The participants are the most important component of a communicative event. Without participants, conversation would never happen. The participants in this communicative event were two young male university friends. The absence of females indicates the nature of gender roles in the Saudi Arabian culture. In the Arabic culture, males are not permitted to meet with females and are only allowed to converse with other males. This information provides important information regarding the role relationship of conversation in Saudi Arabia as well as information about sex and social status (Saville-Troike 1989: 143). The absence of females provides a great deal of information about the Arabic culture. It shows what the rights of each member of society are as well as the attitudes, expectations and behaviors toward others. It also shows who has authority over whom (Saville-Troike 1989: 143). This communicative event shows that males are the dominant gender in Saudi Arabian culture and this prevents them from openly conversing with females. Further, it gives insight into the attitudes, expectations and behaviors expected from males versus females. Finally, the culture dictates the formality or informality of a communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 144). This exchange between two young male friends was informal as compared to a conversation that may take place between a young Arab male and an older Arab male. In other words, the participants engaging in conversation have a direct influence over the nature of the communicate event and dictate what type of interaction will take place. Message Form Message form, message content and act sequence are determined by various social, cultural and situational constraints on communicative behavior. Each of these components can be presented vocally or non vocally (Saville-Troike 1989: 144). Many cultures rely on non vocal sounds to represent meaning in conversation and these make up the message form. These vocal and non vocal sounds make up the verbal and non verbal components of conversation style. For example, the verbal vocal relationship includes spoken language while the non verbal vocal relationship includes such things as laughter. Similarly, the non vocal verbal relationship is comprised of such things as written language or sign language while the non vocal non verbal relationship includes such things as silence and eye behavior (Saville-Troike 1989: 145). Although these different aspects of language vary across cultures, they are important aspects of any communication style. This communicative event example used here relies on these different relationships in order to allow the participants to engage in a conversation that has meaning to both parties. The two friends engaged in the verbal vocal relationship simply by exchanging spoken dialogue. At the same time, they engaged in the non verbal vocal relationship by relying on laughter to become part of their conversation. They also relied on the non vocal verbal relationship through the use of hand gestures and facial expressions that lent support to the nature of the conversation and also injected meaning into the exchange. Finally, the two friends showed the non vocal non verbal relationship through their use of appropriate silences and eye contact while speaking to one another. Message Content The message content is closely related to message form and cannot be separated for appropriate analysis to occur (Saville-Troike 1989: 150). Message content refers to what communicative acts are about and what meaning they hold. The dialogue and silences of a communicate event make up the message form while the meaning and implications derived from the communicative event make up the message content (Saville-Troike 1989: 150). The overall meaning of a communicate event rely on the verbal and non verbal messages being exchanged. However, meaning is also derived from extra linguistic context as well as information and expectations participants bring to the conversation (Saville-Troike 1989: 150). The physical content of a communicative event is important because it lends additional information to the exchange that allows for enhanced meaning. In this way, people who do not even speak the same language are often able to find meaning in their exchange simply be relying on physical objects or other outside influences that inject meaning without words (Saville-Troike 1989: 151). Whatever type of physical objects, outside influences or even hand gestures that are used during a communicative event it is important that they convey meaning and allow for a successful conversation. The example of a conversation used here was successful because the two friends understood the location they were in as well as the gestures each person used during the course of the communicative event. Act Sequence The act sequence component of a communicative event includes information about the ordering of the conversation. This is evident through the appropriate initiation of conversation by one person and the following of that initiation by the other person (Saville-Troike 1989: 152 – 153). The example provided here is a good example of appropriate initiation. One of the young men starts the conversation by saying, â€Å"peace be upon you† and the other man responded with, â€Å"peace be upon you too. † In Saudi Arabian culture this is an important greeting and indicates friendship and goodwill at the start of a conversation. Eliminating this greeting would suggest anger and would upset the natural ordering of conversations in Arabic culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 153). Regular patterns and recurring events are important cultural component of communicative events. When participants follow these patterns and recurring events it suggests that the nature of conversations is important and sacred within a culture. Further, the types of patterns that emerge from these patterns and recurring events allow for comparison across cultures (Saville-Troike 1989: 153 – 154). The conversation between the two young Arabic students followed a natural progression and provided important insight into the nature of communicative events in Arabic culture. Rules for Interaction The rules of interaction dictate an explanation for the rules of speech which are applicable to communicative event in a specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 154). These rules refer to the way that the participants in the conversation are expected to behave based on the values of their culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 154). Again, the special greeting at the start of this conversation is one example of an expectation for behavior. In Arabic culture, this is the standard greeting that comes at the beginning of a communicative event and Arabic males are expected to make use of it. These rules may not necessarily be dictated by law but are used based on values that are important within a specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 154). Arabic law does not require this greeting at the start of a conversation, but the values and beliefs of the Arabic culture make the greeting an expectation. Further, the use of this greeting indicates the role of turn taking in conversation within the Arabic culture. The initial greeting is followed by a follow up greeting which allows the participants to take turns greeting one another and starting a conversation. At the same time, turn taking is important in this example of a communicative event because it allows each young man to have a turn speaking while the other young man listens. This injects meaning into the conversation because the interaction relies on listening skills as well as speaking skills to get the point across (Saville-Troike 1989: 155). Norms of Interpretation Norms of interpretation are important because they provide all of the other information about the culture. These are essential for the overall understanding of the communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 155). For example, the different types of speech must be analyzed in order to fully understand cultural differences within a conversation. This example of the communicative event used here includes the use of the phrase, â€Å"old man. † In some cultures this may a derogatory phrase but is included in this example to show respect. In Arabic culture using the term â€Å"old man† shows respect for one’s elders and the young men use it in reference to one of their fathers. The understanding that this phrase shows respect is well known within the Arabic culture so it becomes a norm of conversation that is acceptable (Saville-Troike 1989: 155). Conclusion The development of communicative competence cannot take place without a relationship among these eleven components (Lock 1983: 253). Contexts rely on cultural information in order to provide an interplay of conversation as well as the self concepts of the participants and social structure acceptable within a society (Lock 1983: 253). A relationship among these eleven components can lead to successful communicative competence based on the cultural implications of language and how this relates to self concept and social structure (Lock 1983: 253). This can be directly applied to the language teacher because communicative competence is a cornerstone of successful language acquisition (Lee 2006: 349). Further, successful communicative events are only possible if a language teacher is able to blend the cultural components of the native language with the cultural components of the new language (Holliday 1997: 212). Therefore, an understanding of communicative competence is an essential part of successful language instruction (Lee 2006: 349). Communicative competence is the part of language knowledge that dictates which communicative system to use (Stalker 1989: 182). When the communicative system chosen is spoken language or conversation it is important to connect the goals and context of the situation in order to have a meaningful communicative event (Stalker 1989: 182). A basic understanding of what communication abilities are necessary for successful conversation within a specific culture is necessary to function adequately in society (Wiemann & Backlund 1980: 185). Therefore, the eleven components applied to a specific conversation example provide evidence and insight into the importance of language teachers enabling students to gain the knowledge the learning necessary in order to successfully participate in communicative encounters (Wiemann & Backlund 1980: 185; Gardner 1994: 104). To this end, it is important to provide students with knowledge pertaining to the use of key words within a particular culture (Wierzbicka 1997: 6) as well as analyze the importance of the relationship between the eleven components of language (Saville-Troike 1989: 156). Finally, the overall outcome of communication is to discover the unique events and recurring patterns within a specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 177). This can only be done through careful observation and analysis of communicative events within a particular culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 177). Aune, R. K. ; Levine, T. R. ; Park, H. ; Asada, K. K. ; & Banas, J. A. 2005. Tests of a theory of communicative responsibility. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 24 (4): 358 – 381. Gardner, R. 1994. Conversation analysis: some thoughts on it applicability to applied linguistics. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, Series S (11): 97 – 118. Holliday, A. 1997. Six lessons: cultural continuity in communicative language teaching. Language Teaching Research, 1 (3): 212 – 238. Jacobs, G. M. & Farrell, T. S. C. 2003. Understanding and implementing the CLT paradigm. RELC Journal, 34 (1): 5 – 30. Lee, Y. 2006. Towards respectification of communicative competence: condition of L2 instruction or its objective? Applied Linguistics, 27 (3): 349 – 376. Lock, A. 1983. Communicative contexts and communicative competence. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 2 (2-3-4): 253 – 266. Orr, W. W. R. 2008. ‘Prospecting an encounter’ as a communicative event. Discourse Studies, 10 (3): 317 – 339. Saville-Troike, M. 1989, ‘The analysis of communicative events’, in The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction, 2nd edn, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 107-180. Spada, N. M.1987. Relationships between instructional differences and learning outcomes: a process-product study of communicative language teaching. Applied Linguistics, 8 (2): 137 – 161. Stalker, J. C. 1989. Communicative competence, pragmatic functions, and accommodation. Applied Linguistics, 10 (2): 182 – 193. Wiemann, J. M. & Backlund, P. 1980. Current theory and research in communicative competence. Review of Educational Research, 50 (1): 185 – 199. Wierzbicka, A. 1997, ‘Introduction’, in Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1-31.

Filipino Mode of Thinking Essay

We, Filipinos, are considered hospitable and merry. It has been an attitude the majority enriches or embraces. For instance, looking into our hospitality, when a guest is present in our home, a treatment of respect and comfort will be provided for the person as if the guest is a member of the family. Whereas for being merry, when a problem emerges, a joke or two about the problem will be the response to make the atmosphere be calmer. All these qualities root from are â€Å"communal relationships†. Again we are known from these qualities. All of which are embedded in our culture that originated since pre-colonial times that we still carry today. A lot of things can still be considered to show our identity and uniqueness. It could either be present only in some areas or in the general public but all of these points to our Filipino mode of thinking. Our Filipino mode of thinking is considered as â€Å"oriental, non-dualistic, holistic and has unity between the subject and the object†. It is true on so many ways. Just observing the way our people act and build their houses are fitting cases. A Filipino identity is present even if one goes abroad; a habit that every Filipino will carry whenever he goes – the Filipino mode of thinking. A mode of thinking is a desirable element to have a rich culture and country; every country might as well have it but differs in their own notions or form. It may not apply to everyone due to the globalization, but a hint or two would still pass if there are people with that mode of thinking around that person. To give out examples of this Filipino mode of thinking, a lot can be stated. Two eminent cases are the tattooing art in the country and our â€Å"kamay-kamayan† eating or the buddlefeast. PhilippineTattoo Philippine tattooing has been an art since pre-colonial times which spreads to the three main islands of the country. The word â€Å"Pintados† (Painted Ones) was even dubbed for the Bisayans by the Spaniards. Tattooing is a phenomenon in the whole world nowadays that evolves since the early times. The so-called Pintados of the island of Visayas, Manobo of Mindanao and Kalinga of Luzon are the front runners of tattoo tradition and culture in the country. However, this tradition and art in the country has been partially diminishing in some of the tribes or areas. The few organizations and institutions are at times the only hope in trying to save this continuing crisis. PHILTAG, Mark of Four Waves Tribe and many others are the organizations that are reviving the tribal designs of our traditional tattooing tribes. These people advocate the start of a new revolution in Philippine Tattooing. It has been doing greatly for the past few years. At present, a lot of Filipinos here and abroad, and even those who are not Filipino, are having our tribal designs tattooed on them. Diversities and similarities are present for each country in terms of tattooing but it could still be identified through the processes or the designs themselves. Designs that depicts animals and nature which is one with the people that shows our mode of thinking is non-dualistic. Kamay-kamayan Filipinos are really fond in eating; it is seen in our fiestas, birthdays, wedding or just any party on that matter. These practices can also be the way one could show it hospitality and cheerfulness; for there are times when hosts give out carry-outs or take-outs for the guests or cases when even people the host does not know are invited or welcome. Eating has been essential to show one that he/she is high cultured using proper etiquette like the use of table knives, spoons and forks in different manners or activities. However, some Filipinos don’t practice such customs from time to time for they use their own hands to eat. It may look unhygienic or improper to others but it has been a practice that has been ongoing since before in our history; â€Å"Kamay-kamayan† or â€Å"kamayan† as they called it. I myself tried such a practice and discovered it is quite gratifying; and fitting for eating certain foods. It might as well be our bond to our ancestors which did not have those spoons and forks. It is still abundant in the country even in the urban areas. There are even restaurants that suggest people to eat with their bare hands. Also, â€Å"buddle feasts† are being a trend nowadays. It’s all about eating together, with a small or big number of people, having all the food on a same long tables sharing all these to everyone; another special thing about it is eating with your hands as well. This just shows that we live as a community and shows unity like that of the buddle feasts happening in the Philippine Military Academy and the annual event in Taguig that promotes unity and bonding. The sakop mentality and holistic concept also comes into play in this kind of practices. Eating with your hands may have its pros and cons but a culture correctly done will always be right and rich. Conclusion The Filipino mode of thinking is â€Å"oriental, non-dualistic, holistic and has unity between the subject and the object† as stated in first paragraph. The examples given show all these qualities. The Filipinos should also preserve and enrich these practices for the sake of the country’s culture. The country since before the coming of the Spaniards has a culture to be proud of. It is unique and shows the Filipino in its own way for â€Å"without culture, and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is but a jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift to the future.†

History of Moulin Rouge

Carefree life, Fickleness and Joie de Vivre†¦ Those are the three words that could best sum up this unique period in the History of France. It was a rest between two wars, a period of transition between two centuries, during which the social barriers collapsed, when the industrial revolution gave hope of a better life for all, in a rich cultural profusion and that promised much fun. The middle-class mixed with the riffraff, the popular culture was enhanced in a contented disorder full of joy and vitality. In that atmosphere, which favored artistic creativity, literary circles appeared and disappeared according to people meetings, while painters and drawers got especially inspired by this joyful sometimes outrageous but full of fancy atmosphere that broke completely with the rigid classicism of that period. Moulin Rogue takes place in Montmarte (an area within the city of Paris). Crowning the Montmartre- based world of commercial entertainment was Joseph Oller and Charles Zidler’s landmark music hall, the Moulin Rouge. When the Moulin Rouge opened its door on the Place Blanche at the foot of Montmartre on the 6th of October 1889, all Paris turned out. Highbrow and lowbrow society alike mobbed the ‘Palace of Women’ before the paintwork was dry on its extravagantly decorated interior. The Moulin Rouge’s decor, by Montmartre painter Adolphe Willette, its exotic colour, form and the being became an overnight legend. Besides the immense dance hall complete with galleries to watch the dance floor and an orchestra mounted above the stage, there was a garden with another stage, cafe tables, cavorting monkeys and unstockinged prostitutes riding donkeys. Also in the garden, a giant elephant (gleaned when the Universal Exhibition of 1889 terminated, housed an Arabian themed club inside its body. Male clients entered via the elephant’s leg where a spiral staircase opened onto belly dancing performances, an orchestra and an opium den. Making a radical break with the century’s relentless class divisions, a microcosm of Parisian society rubbed shoulder in scandalous proximity. European royalty, ambassadors, politicians, industrialists and magistrates lummed it with celebrity courtesans, can-can girls and workers. The local Montmartre Bohemians and the cocottes and noctambules (prostitutes), pimps, madams and thieves who were their neighbors were also out in force. Within the Moulin’s velvet draped walls, the aromas of women’s scent, face powder, tobacco and beer mingled as promiscuously as the audience in a class of their own were the courtesans, a social phenomena that all but died out with the end of the Bell e Epoque and the beginning of World War 1. Though springing from the same working class as the prostitutes, the more celebrated courtesans were distinguished by the length and high-style of the relationships they formed (with, near exclusively, the elite of Europe). Like today’s film, stars and supermodels, were also coltishly observed by press and public. But, if the Moulin Rouge quickly established its reputation as the most exotic sex market in Paris, it also represented a kind of cultural and social revolution.

Pharmaceuticalisation of Sexual and Repruductive health Essay

When it comes to the interaction of males and females with social structures in society, a degree of inequality has always been existent. Many times the female gender bears the brunt of these inequalities. Cultural ideologies drive these inequalities, and shape our ways of being and views on life’s situations; particularly evident when it comes to the issue of sexual and reproductive health. These phenomena have gained significant amounts of popularity with the evolution of time. And have also been subject to much social construction. It is from those constructions that the pharmaceuticalization of sexual and reproductive health arose. This essay will look at sexual and reproductive health as social constructs, and discuss the impact of these social constructions on pharmaceuticalization and how they have influenced it. The essay will also explore the differences in how sexual and reproductive health have been pharmaceuticalized in male and females, and the possible reasons behind it Pharmaceuticalization is a process which is intimately linked with medicalisation. In this way these two phenomena could be defined as processes by which more and more of society’s social problems have come to be seen and described under medical terms, and hence medical interventions have been put forth as solutions for these problems (Zola, 1983, p. 295). Hence we can say that one is as is by the influence of the other, pharmaceuticalization driving and sustaining medicalisation (Conrad 1981). However the medicalisation of society is as much a result of medicine’s potential as much as it is society’s desire for medicine to use that power (Zola, 1972, p 182). Given this statement, it can therefore be argued that the society’s ideas, culturally motivated or otherwise, have a lot to do with the pharmaceuticalization of sexual and reproductive health. Almost as though it is society’s ‘wish’ for pharmaceuticalization to exists. Hence we can say that pharmaceuticalization is also in part a process of capitalizing on the views of sexual health and reproduction. The evidence of the existence of the four bodies indicates that the body is not just an excluded or separate entity from social structure. Similar is the case for the meaning attached to the penis in males. It is not just another organ carrying out its designated functions but it carries a lot meaning for the man in society. The penis is not only intimately connected to men’s sexuality but it is also connected to masculinity and virility. And as with most things that carry meaning in society, the meaning of ‘the proper/perfect’ penis has been a subject of much social construction. A study(2012) conducted in Australia among 103 women found that the majority of the women preferred or were more attracted to men with larger penises, it was argued that the reason behind that had to do with the famous saying that ‘bigger is better’. This comes upon a time were sex has increasingly become used for recreation rather that procreation. Hence we see hear reports of penis enlargement pills and surgical procedures that can bring forth that kind of penis which is desired by the men and their women. In contrast however, we find that women’s sexual health has not been pharmaceuticalised to the extend it has been in men. Perhaps it has to do with the old age stereotype that women are passive and fragile. This notion links into the idea of sex in a way that the man is the one who is most active during the sexual act. And hence the one who carries the responsibility for the sexual climax of both himself and his partner. And it is because of this pressure to perform that more and more men are using pharmaceutical methods in order to acquire ‘the perfect penis’ to do the ‘perfect job’, proving their masculinity in the process. This ties in with the use of Viagra in older males. Another interesting factor is the wide commercialization of the male condom as a form of sexual health in the context of HIV/AIDS, whereas the female condom is to some extend looked down upon by both male and females, UK study (1997). We also find that female sexual health has not been commercialized to the extend it has been in males. The Johannesburg CBD for example, is crowded with posters at all corners advertising penis enlargement resources and guaranteeing a ‘better, bigger penis’; the long term effects of which are not well known, similarly the credibility thereof. Among all these posters I have yet to witness an advert for female sexual health. And you find that even men in the prime of their youth use these penile enlargement resources, debunking the stereotype that it utilization of these resources is by aged men. It is not to say however that women do not use sexual enhancement pharmaceutical products. Whereas in women it is found that the use of sexual enhancement resources is done most by older women, a majority of which have been through menopause. When we come to sexual reproductive health however, we find that there is an interesting shift in positions. It is women who are often put under the spotlight of pharmaceutical companies. Again this can be said to have arose because of the common stereotype ‘the weaker female body’ has to be the one with the issue when confronted with infertility. So the pharmaceutical companies position themselves to target women with solutions for sexual reproductive health. Here we see medicalization, whereby women are encouraged to go for regular pap smears to reduce the risk of cervical cancer and infertility in the future. This pressure on sexual health may be said to result from the fact that women are only fertile up to a certain age whereas men can be fertile till the day they die. This essay argued the extends to which male and female sexual and reproductive ability have been medicalised and pharmaceuticalized. I extended my exploration to the possible reasons behind the approaches that may have influenced this differences in the degrees of pharmaceutilisation. In addition my analysis showed how these different approaches are influenced by socio-cultural factors.

Commodity Trade Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Commodity Trade Questions - Essay Example tions. Question two-International cocoa trade Types of cocoa production Cocoa produced in tropical or semitropical areas. Such climates found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America who form the principal producers of cocoa. The types of cocoa production are small-scale or large-scale production. An estimated 70% of world cocoa production comes from small-scale farmers. The number of small-scale farmers estimated to be 2.5 million with a yield of about 350kg per hectare. In this case, every farmer owns around 3 hectares (Interfax, 2011). Only 30% of cocoa production comes from large-scale farming. The leading countries in cocoa are West African countries as Ghana, Cote D’Ivoire, and Indonesia, forming 70% of the total coffee production. The other 30% collectively come from Asia, Latin America, Nigeria, Brazil, Cameroon, Malaysia, and Ecuador. By-products of cocoa The principal by-product of cocoa is chocolate. However, cocoa is processed to produce many other products such as Berge nfield cocoa powders, Bergenfield coffee cacao nibs, cafiesa cocoa products, chocolate covertures, dried fruit, edible nuts, and seed flour. Other products include organic cocoa products such as spices, extracts and emulsifiers, sugars, stevia, and sweeteners. Some toppings, sauces, drops, snacks, and cold pickings are by-products of cocoa. Consumption patterns Demand level determines consumption pattern, and the volume of cocoa processed each year judges the demand. Two-thirds of all cocoa, ground in the chocolate consuming countries, where, the US is the world’s largest consumer of chocolate. The consumption level followed decreasingly: by Germany, United Kingdom, and France, Russian Federation, Japan and Brazil. International transportation and trade on the markets. The Cocoa Producers Alliance (CPA) eliminates international transportation of 10% of the cocoa production due to low-grade cocoa. Markets have agreed to destroy non-quality cocoa. This is made possible by intro ducing levies on farmers and exporters to finance the destruction plan and compensate growers for their losses. Only quality cocoa products transported internationally and traded. Question three- standard clauses Odd day clause- A clause that states that any month containing an odd number of days, the middle day recognized as belonging to both halves of the month. Arbitration clause- Any misunderstanding arising out of the contract referred to court of arbitration in London, or elsewhere (as agreed) in accordance to the rules of arbitration (Interfax, 2011). The appeal of the trade organizations takes effect at the date of the contract and of which both parties deemed to be cognizant. International conventions clause- it is a clause holding tree rules: The uniform law on sales and the uniform law on formation given by the uniform law on international sales act, shall not apply to the contract. The United Nations convention on contracts for the international sale of goods of 1980 sha ll not apply in the contract. The United Nations convention on the limitation period in the international

CIS206 Review Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS206 Review Assignment - Essay Example 2. What are two ways you can execute a shell script when you do not have execute permission for the file containing the script? Can you execute a shell script if you do not have read permission for the file containing the script? There is need to pass the name of the file that has the script as an argument to that shell. For instance, bash scriptfile in which case, the scriptfile is the name of that file contain the script. When working with bash the following commands are applicable. First, there is scriptfile. Then there is source scriptfile. You cannot execute a shell script in case you do not have permission for reading the file that contains the script. The cause of this is the need to read the commands that are in the file by the shell. The resultant working directory will be biblios i.e. /home/zach/grants/biblios. When the command pwd is, it shows the path to the current working directory (Soyinka, 2012). c will only locate the directory in use when it uses CDPATH to search the directories indicated. The latter happens only when you do not specify the current directory in the CDPATH, but the CDPATH

Business Policy and Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Policy and Strategic Management - Essay Example Special alert control is more straightforward to explain. A special alert control is the thorough, and often rapid, reconsideration of the firm’s strategy because of a sudden, unexpected event (Pearce II and Robinson, â€Å"Chapter 13: Strategic Control† Slide 13-10). The economic and financial recession of 2008 greatly affected Starbuck’s key market segments in America and Europe. Surprisingly, the Asian markets were fairly more stable and have continued to grow. Starbucks executives must have been rued that they had not expanded more rapidly globally because they would have been able to balance their portfolio with the Asian outlets if they were many enough. Premise control is designed to check systematically and continuously whether the premises on which the strategy is based are still valid (Pearce II and Robinson, â€Å"Chapter 13: Strategic Control† 13-8). From the lessons learned through the recession, consumer behavior in the Western world is b ound to change, even if only by a small degree. This constituency of â€Å"changing† consumers includes Starbucks’ market segment and therefore the organization will have to redefine who their new target market is, and what their new behaviors are. This may call for, probably, a change of direction in the new products that the company will produce in future.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research task Paper

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander task - Research Paper Example The colonial rule developed new laws that segregated the minority groups from other Australians. Children were forced to abandon their culture and were subject to both physical and sexual abuse. In brief, the colonial period was a suffering period for the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders and this had long-term impacts for this minority group. The colonial period contributed to the disorientation of the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islanders. During the pre-colonial period, this group was diverse and comprised of over 1 million people. A large number of this population died during the colonial rule and there was a significant reduction of the population. In the 2001 census, the population of the aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders was 458, 000 people, contributing to 2.4% of the total population in Australia (Garvey et al., 2011). Besides, their displacement during the colonial period made them lose their original habitats. Currently, they reside in the New South Wales and Queensland with scanty of land to settle in (Rose, 2000). A close evaluation indicates that the population of the Aboriginal people is growing at a slow rate, a fact related to the nature of the problems that they face today. In the post-colonial period, the discrimination of the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Island people is a common feature. The end of the colonial period was expected to be end of the suffering of the indigenous people. However, it is clear that the Europeans had already created a social difference between the people and the spirit of racism was already high. The Australian government was slow to enact social justice and hence the Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander remained the weak race (Heffernan, Andersen & Kinner, 2009). They were discriminated by the other Australian races in all social spheres, which resulted to creation of enmity between the two

Lowe's average annual sales Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lowe's average annual sales - Case Study Example The company posts on average third-quarter earnings of 59 cents per share this is from the current financial year estimates and previously audited reports, for instance, the latest annual report was of that figure up from 47 cents a share initially, on revenue of exactly $13.70 billion. Most of the annual sales is attributed to the numerous customers’ transactions within the stores particularly in the US. Similarly using the annual sales of 2013 which are the sales audited and analyzed in public domain, sales for the fourth quarter increased from $11.7 billion to $12.5 billion this is 7.6 percent in just fourth quarter of 2013, in the same year, for instance, there was an increased 7.3 percent comparable sales for the quarter. The annual sales for 2013 can be best used to forecast for sales in previous and later the fiscal years. Generally, the annual sales been boosted due to Value Improvement that have for years enhanced Lowe’s line designs, making them more and more relevant to every markets the company serve, and in the long run enabling the company to maintain perfect in-stock

Emergency plan Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emergency plan - Thesis Example There are two types of Triage: Simple Triage often used in a mass casualty incident or scene of an accident so as to sort patients into those with less serious injuries and those who need critical attention and urgent transport to a health facility (Todaro, 2010 and Buchanan, 2000). It is usually done before transportation and patients are categorized by the use of printed tags or colored flagging; and Advanced Triage, in this, doctors may decide that some of the seriously injured individuals not receive advanced care since they are less likely to survive. Therefore advanced care is often used on patients with less serious injuries (U.S Dept. Transportation Emergency Response Guidebook, 2012). Advanced Triage hence has ethical implications. It is majorly used to divert the limited resources from people with minimal chances of survival ao as to improve survival of patients most likely to survive (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Bui lding Air Quality, 2000). Color codes are also used in scenes of accidents or disaster (Cravey, 2007). Some of the colors include: Red (T1) representing those in acute danger and requires immediate treatment and transport to hospitals; Yellow (T2) representing severe injury and requires constant observation, rapid care and transport; Green (T3) representing minor injury or no injury and requires treatment when practical and discharge when possible (Blythe, 2007).; Blue, White in USA (T4) representing those with no or small survival chance and requires observation and administration of analgesics if possible; and Black (T5) representing the deceased requiring collection and guarding of bodies and identification when possible (Cumming, 2006 and Brooks, 2003). Disaster Triage can be affected by language and cultural differences, especially where there is language barrier and different in

The impact of privatisation on port efficiency Coursework

The impact of privatisation on port efficiency - Coursework Example For instance, at a macroeconomic level, port efficiency has been discovered to be an integral element in determining a country’s global competitiveness and trade prospects because it make exportation cheaper and thus, making the country’s products competitive in international markets (Culline, 2010; Park and De 2004). For this reason, governments are recognising the imperativeness of port efficiency both at the macro and micro economic levels and have started taking radical measures such as privatisation to improve their performance. This literature review examines the impact of privatisation on the efficiency of ports by examining empirical evidence and theoretical framework. In academic studies, the concept of efficiency has been used to evaluate the performance. In port literature, Wang and Knox (2011); Talley (2009) discusses three types of port efficiency, which include technical, overall and allocative efficiency. Technical efficiency is achieving the greatest productivity at the least cost possible while allocative efficiency is the production of goods and services that are demanded by customers. On the other hand, overall efficiency is the efficiency achieved when both allocative and technical efficiency are maximised and exist. For the purpose of this literature, all types of efficiency will be considered to determine the impact privatisation has on the efficiency of ports. According to Baird (2002), public ports are perceived to be inefficient because they are managed by government hierarchies and thus, suffer from disincentivisation, lack of clarity in operational responsibility and corporate objectives, goals displacement and excessive ministerial intervention (Demirel, Cullinane and Haralambides, 2011). Thus, as much as the role of the public in management of port facilities is inevitable and remains significant, it is imperative to recognise that privatisation of port facilities helps overcome the limitations of traditional,

Concert Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Concert Review - Essay Example W. J. Duthoit), Hans Christian Andersen Suite Soren Hyldgaard arr. Johan de Meij and Mother Hubbard (John Phillip Sousa). It was an evening meant for the soul to wander into the world of melody and unfettered musical imagination. The performance of this composition has heavy usage of brass and wind instruments. The sound moulded and shaped by the different wind instruments covering different frequency ranges in terms of tonal quality and also covering the musical octave. The performance at a glance was brass instrument orchestration with trumpets, saxophones, clarinets, flutes etc forming the instrumentation of the performance. The performance of the composition was predominantly of Duple Meter, in certain parts varying slightly to a double duple or triple meter (Hal Leonard Corporation 1). A multi instrumental and multi layered composition the performance showcased the dextrous application of a wide variety of brass instruments to create a resonant, soothing and rich output much like a full-fledged orchestra with a complete range of instruments. The flutes and clarinets served as the sustained background of tone supporting the trumpets playing the solo line of the composition. The heavy and simultaneous usage of multiple brass sections, percussion, xylophones and drums make the composition belong to Polyphonic texture. Multiple instruments can be clearly distinguished. The melody of the song is wavelike in nature. The performance reflects the majestic elements of thought put into the composition for example a feeling of heightened excitement and anticipation. A musical work of Rossano Galante brings a feeling of happiness, joy, celebration and mirth. Through the varying intensities of tenor saxophones and baritone trumpets the effect is unparalleled. It introduces a feeling of independence and unrestrained through the legato type application of the brass instruments. The overall composition as

Functions of The Foreign Exchange Dealing Room Essay

Functions of The Foreign Exchange Dealing Room - Essay Example Additionally, there is also needs to assess on what are so special in the foreign exchange market, which can simply explains its interesting aspects before reaching to its functions, with referencing attach to Citibank. Before beginning to discuss about the functions of Foreign exchange dealing room, with sighting referencing with Citibank, there is need in a nutshell to know about the history of the bank as far back to its initial take up. It is found that "On June 16, 1812, with $2 million of capital, City Bank of New York (now Citibank) opened for business in New York City. Through many different leaders and economic environments over the course of its rich history, Citibank continues to grow and prosper. In 1998, all Citicorp divisions merged with all divisions of Travelers Group to form Citigroup Inc. Citibank continue as a strong brand under the Citigroup umbrella". (Citibank NA). Today, the Citibank has about 200 million account customers in more than 100 countries globally. It is ranked in the world Market that Citibank is leading globally in the foreign exchange (citiFX) market, as the team of experts in that field always ensures that they meet the customer's needs. While dealing with the Citibank, it is confirmed that you will be able to get feedback constantly about the issue of foreign exchange, which relates to International, regional and the local market. You will also getting details on the position of current financial market, so one can take immediate decision at the exact time needed. Moreover, it is noted that the Citibank (Customer Advantage) is of great good in terms of attaching customer's priority. According the Bank statement, "Citibank's financial market customer proposition is based on fair pricing, rapid execution, 24-hour delivery and innovative solutions. These services are delivered in the context of long-term relationships that pre-empt new customer needs for liability management, yield enhancement and implementation of market views. Citibank offers a diverse portfolio of products

The Subject of Sexuality in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Bram Stokers Essay

The Subject of Sexuality in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Bram Stokers Dracula - Essay Example The relationship of Hyde to Jekyll portrays remarkably the relationship between pleasure and power. If Jekyll embodies power, Hyde embodies the pleasure disallowed and still created by the powerful elite. Hyde is inhibited, concealed, and still he emerges from the longing or urges of the decent and highly regarded Jekyll. By summoning Hyde from the inexplicable core of his own longing, Jekyll builds a link to his depravity, or, a sexuality that is repressed and brutal, that forces depravity upon several actions that he methodically detaches from himself (Stevenson 2006). Hating his own self for his hidden lusts, Jekyll falls back on science to discover the path towards power and pleasure, suppression and excesses. The twofold identity divided between decency and lust distinguishes power as the capacity to be completely both. Hyde represents sexuality as debasement and depravity. Jekyll gives life to Hyde by ingesting the correct concoction of substances. Hyde, therefore, is a medical result, or, a by-product of chemical trial. Jekyll is the character that ‘wrapped the sexual body in its embrace’ (Halberstam 1995, 69). Jekyll, through chemical experimentation, generates a vicious entity and afterwards he struggles to suppress it and control it. This representation of sexuality in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde depicts several Victorian values. Audiences immediately associated the two characters of Dr. Jekyll to the ‘double standard’ social order of that period; double standard, because it was a period of contrasting principles—usually regarding sexuality above all. ... Hyde depicts several Victorian values. Audiences immediately associated the two characters of Dr. Jekyll to the ‘double standard’ social order of that period; double standard, because it was a period of contrasting principles—usually regarding sexuality above all. The common attitude towards it was extremely strict and suppressive, but at the same time obscene materials and harlotry flourished (Halberstam 1995, 69-70). Thus, when the author narrated about Hyde’s wicked acts, without in fact bringing them up, audiences associated that immediately to sexuality. By changing the focus on this form of sexuality, a frequently talked about theme of the author’s original narrative becomes ensnared into contemporary analyses: a large number of intellectuals today infer a hidden allusion to homosexuality in his fiction. Clues are scattered all over the narrative. First of all, there is virtually an absence of female characters in the novel. In addition, the du al self that Dr. Jekyll had to create can be understood as the widespread core immorality homosexuals at the time had to confront. Homosexual relationships at the time the story was written were established as illegal and an evil doing (Hogle 2002). Jekyll’s blend of reproductive features reflects the medical portrayals of ‘homosexuals’ who are making their presence more felt than ever before (Cooper 2010, 75): This perverse sexuality appears spontaneously, without external cause, with the development of sexual life, as an individual manifestation of an abnormal form of the vita sexualis, and then has the force of a congenital phenomenon; or it develops upon a sexuality the beginning of which was normal, as a result of very definite injurious influences, and thus appears as an acquired anomaly. Upon what

Business Communication Trends Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Communication Trends Paper - Essay Example The use of technological tools has also enhanced the capabilities of companies to offer superior customer service. Business communication affects the interaction and communications of employees in all industries. The use of business communication has affected me at my place of work. I am responsible for leading ten employees in daily operations ensuring that all support codes get all necessary supplies and equipment to complete all job tasks. Any person that is put in a supervisory position must have good interpersonal skills and communication abilities. My verbal and written communication skills are excellent. I have learned that the best way to get your employees to respond to is by having the lines of communication open at all times. Every Friday I have a staff meeting with my group to discuss the performance of the week and to plan the job tasks for the following week. A summary of the staff meeting is given to the employees in written form prior to the end the shift. Documentati on is very important to provide an audit trail of business communication. All my employees are given a corporate email account. Electronic communication between the employees is encouraged. The form of communication that I used most often in my day to day activities is verbal communication. â€Å"Business professionals demonstrating effective verbal communication skills use spoken words to convey a message clearly and concisely† (Duggan, 2012). At the start of each shift I speak directly to my staff for five minutes to explain the tasks each team member is going to perform. If I have any special instructions for a particular member of the team I have a separate meeting with the employee in an office where I talk with the person privately. There are lots of new hot trends in the communication industry. Businesses are relying on electronic communication more than ever in the past. In 2011 there were approximately 3.1 billion email accounts registered worldwide and that figure i s expected to reach 4 billion by 2015 (Brownlow, 2012). The growing popularity of emails is forcing businesses to use that form of communication to provide customer service to its clients. Our company also uses a forum to transmit information to customers. The forum has a live chat feature that allows customers to chat with a customer representative. Another hot trend in business communication is the use of telecommuting work arrangements. Telecommuting is a work arrangement in which employees work from remote locations or their homes using communication technology such as fax machines, printers, computers, smartphones, and broadband internet. Currently there are no full time employees working in telecommuting arrangements, but some executives are taking advantage of telecommunication technology to become part-time telecommuters. Two managers of the company get to work from their homes twice a week in order to reduce their previous excessive workload of six ten hour shifts weekly. T he strategy provided these managers with a better work life balance. Telecommuting is a growing trend in the workplace due to the fact that there are so many internet users worldwide. There are approximately two billion internet users globally. â€Å"Users of the internet are multiplying around the globe, and many companies are earning terrific profits in the process of serving those users†

The implementation of Express Entry, in the beginning of 2015 IN Article

The implementation of Express Entry, in the beginning of 2015 IN Canadian - Article Example The PNP program may nominate candidates through the Express entry pool, or existing paper-based processes as per their agreement with the government to empower them to nominate immigrants interested in or who they have interest in settling within their territories. Such candidates are offered 600 additional points in the Comprehensive Ranking System (CSR). Assessment of potential candidates is grid-based to points that are awarded as per educational qualifications, language, work experience or age (CIC NEWS, 2014). Potential candidates are supposed to score points as per human capital and skills relocation points which are used to invite them for permanent residence applications. Quebec does not use Express Entry but has put in place the Quebec Skill Worker Programme, which establish areas of training as per its economic and population needs (Government of Canada, 2015). Interestingly, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Manitoba have developed systems similar to that of Quebec despite the fact that they still have their respective Provincial Nominee Programs (Canadavisa, 2015). For example, Manitoba’s Provincial Nominee Program has established skills gap (for example business investor) that require prospective immigrants with targeted skills and experience. Having identified the need, the province offers a nomination certificate that speeds up the immigration process. Under the reformed federal immigration system that has introduced the Express Entry, the Canadian government will see to it that provinces and territories have the capacity to select a particular number of foreign nationals in line with their local immigration and labour needs

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Ethics - Essay Example However, as much as the nurse’s role is to his/her patient, the nurse also has a significant duty to protect and work well with the other members of the health care team. As member of the healthcare team, the nurse is expected to defend and protect those that belong in the same profession she is in, provided that such an individual is in the side of what is right. Indeed, with this camaraderie and sense of kinship, a nurse feels indignation in witnessing an injustice towards a fellow nurse, even though the nurse does not know the said persecuted individual. However, an issue then rises when principles of ethics are compromised for the sake of that camaraderie. For example, nurses are sometimes asked to cover up inefficiencies and mistakes, just to protect another nurse or even another doctor. During these times, the nurse is then faced with a major ethical dilemma, especially in cases where a patient suffered tremendous loss. An example of this ethical problem is when an impai red physician commits a mistake and asks a nurse to overlook the said mistake. The doctor’s impairment can be caused by a lot of reasons, but the most common of which is advanced age, or physical injuries caused by accidents and similar occurrences. In these times, the nurse is then divided between her duty to her patients, and her duty to the other members of the health care team, such as the physician: she could either report the physician or she could remain quiet about a certain incident. If the nurse carries out the former, this may lead to the revocation of the physician’s license, but at least the nurse was honest and she can have some sort of peace in her mind. However, if she performed the latter and remained silent, the patient may never have justice, but at the same time, the grieving family may find peace and closure a lot more difficult to achieve if they found that the doctor had a fault in the death of their loved one. This ethical dilemma bears with it a lot of possible impacts on the practice nurse, the patient, the patient’s family, and even society itself. For the nurse, protecting a fellow health professional would compromise the care received or to be received by the patient. However, if negligence was revealed, unity, trust and coordination within the healthcare team may be compromised (Diaz & Stamp, 2004), which can also put the patient at risk for further harm or damage. The first scenario may also place the community at a great risk for negligence and incompetence in the hands of an impaired doctor. In relation, this paper will then elaborate on this ethical dilemma, as well as appropriate courses of action that the nurse may take in coming up with a decision. This paper will first discuss the ethical principles involved in the case presented above, and a discussion of the role of the advanced practice nurse will follow. Afterwards, a literature review of studies exploring the said topic will be conducted, and ethi cal decision-making will be performed in order to be able to solve the problem by using the ethical decision making theory. More importantly, this paper will attempt to prove that when a nurse is faced with the need to decide whether to report an impaired physician or not, she should opt most of all to protect the patient and report the physic

Separation of Powers Essay Example for Free

Separation of Powers Essay The major objective of this essay is to defend the assertion that separation of power in Zambia is relative. This essay will begin by giving a brief description of the concept Separation of Powers. executive, legislature and the judiciary. Thereafter, a Main Body shall provide a detailed discussion over the assertion after which a conclusion will be given to summarise the discussion. According to the online business dictionary, Separation of Powers is a constitutional principle that limits the powers vested in any person or institution. It is this principle that divides government authority into three branches namely the Executive (President or Prime Minister and the cabinet), Legislature (Parliament or Senate) and the Judiciary (Chief justice and other Judges). From this definition, Separation of Powers entails that each organ of the state, namely t will perform its functions without undue interference from the other organs. Each organ therefore, should be left to do what is assigned to it under the constitution. If any organ is not performing well it ought to be reminded and its performance monitored by way of accountability. This is not interference but a system of checks and balances in the interest of good government. But separation of powers does not mean insulation of powers because the three organs of the State, particularly the Executive and the Legislature, are at one level or another bound to interact and indeed complement each other in the running of the affairs of the State (World bank, 1992). The executive branch of the government of Zambia is made up of the chief of state president Michael Sata; vice president Guy Scott; the president is both the chief of state and head of government. Cabinet is appointed by the president from among the members of the national assembly. Chief of state includes the name and title of the titular leader of the country who represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but may not be involved with the day to day activities of government. Head of government includes the name and title of the top administrative leader who is designated to manage the day to day activities of government. For example in the UK the monarchy is the chief of state while the prime minister is the head of government. The legislative arm of the government; unicameral National assembly in Zambia is made up of 158 seats, 150 are elected by a popular vote, 8 members are nominated by the president to serve 5year terms (Bratton, 1994). Some of the functions of the legislature include; a)  Impeach the president for gross misconduct, commission of a criminal offence or violation of the constitution; b) Remove the president, cabinet ministers or any other official holding constitutional office such as the Chief Justice, Supreme Court and High Court Judges by a vote of no confidence for incompetence; c) Approve the national budget and make alterations without changing the total figure; d) Scrutinize public expenditure as well as Defense, Constitutional and special expenditure; e) Ratify the declaration of a state of emergency and approve its extension; f) Ratify the country’s foreign policy and international treaties to be entered into on behalf of the country; g) Create public offices; h) Dissolve itself. The judiciary is made up of the court system of Zambia, these include; Supreme Court (final court of appeal; justices area appointed by the president), High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases, Magistrate’s court and Lo cal court (ibid). The constitution stipulates a hybrid form of government; a mixture of presidentialism with elements of the Westminster tradition of parliamentary democracy. The current system is, however, closer to the presidential model with delegated powers, and even â€Å"close to the top end of the range of presidential powers† (Burnell 2003: 48). As in other presidential systems the distribution of power between the legislative (parliament) and the executive (the presidency), is unbalanced in favour of the latter. As the 1995 Constitution review commission clearly spelled out: the president is in a position to â€Å"exercise a dominant influence on the legislature†; and â€Å"no sufficient countervailing safeguards are in place to check the executive branch and thus balance the powers† (GRZ 1995: 15, 17). One, if only formal, indication of the weakness of parliament in the Third Republic might be that the average number of bills passed did not exceed that of its predecessors in the First or Second republics. The legislature and even single MPs have various means of controlling the government and initiating legislation. These include the private member bills, Standing Orders, parliamentary questions, the Committee of Supply, the Public Accounts Committee, the Estimates Committee, the Committee on Government Assurances, the Committee on Delegated Legislation, before 1999, seven departmental orientated ‘watch-dog’ committees, as well as the ad-hoc select committees which can consider the ratification of presidential nominations to official appointments such as the attorney-general, Supreme Court judges or the governor of the Bank of Zambia. The problem with all the committees and the provisions for individual MPs to get a hold on the government is that – despite MPs’ lack of special expertise due to shifting membership in committees as well as the lack of support staff it provides â€Å"answerability† without â€Å"enforceability†, which is essential for an â€Å"effective instrument of accountability† (Burnell 2002: 307). The vast MMD majority until 2001 and the ability of government to control and monopolize the legislative timetable made parliament even weaker, although MMD MPs were by no means under the strict control of the party whip or leadership. Since the MMD lost its majority in the 2001 elections and experienced more serious internal factionalism, there are clear indications that the government has to be more responsive to parliament. However, through the powerful position of the Assembly Speaker the ruling party and the government is still largely able to control Assembly p rocedures. A similar context applies to those institutions that are supposed to be instruments of horizontal accountability, such as the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC), the Office of the Auditor-General, the Commission for Investigations, the Drug Enforcement Commission (DEC), the ECZ and the HRC. These institutions have been proven largely ineffectual, although the courts have sometimes made rulings against the government. Again, there seems to be some improvement since 2001, which, however, seems to be well calculated and directed by the Mwanawasa government at least in the case of the ACC, when the latter was allowed to investigate corruption cases of the Chiluba government. The reason why these institutions are unable to make an impact is because, although legally autonomous, they have very few powers (apart from one exception; the ACC cannot initiate prosecution on its own), and are financially dependent on the government. They are chronically underfunded and despite being presidential appointees, all commission heads do have secure conditions of service. These institutions are therefore highly sensitive to signals coming from the Office of the President, which prompted the MMD’s first Minister for Legal Affairs Rodger Chongwe to refer to them as â€Å"agencies of illusion† GRZ (1999: 104). The Republican Constitution provides for impeachment proceedings against the president for violations of the constitution (Article 37). This provision is difficult to implement and needs a one-third majority in parliament to debate a motion alleging the president has committed â€Å"any violation of the Constitution or any gross misconduct†, while a two-thirds majority is then necessary to start an investigation by a tribunal appointed by the chief justice. If this tribunal finds that â€Å"the particulars of any allegation specified in the motion have been substantiated†, the National Assembly might by a motion of not less than two-thirds resolve that the president has been guilty. Only then shall the president cease to hold office. All attempts to impeach the president have failed in the past. Legally the civil service is non-partisan, but in practice the administration has often been politicized. This is not only a heritage of the old one-party system and a legacy of neopatrimonial rule, but has also been employed deliberately by the new administration. One case in point is Chiluba’s introduction of the post of district administrators (DAs), which are political appointees to direct politics at the district level under his control. The partisan application of the Public Order Act by the police in favour of the ruling party in the run-up to elections is another example. Generally, what has come to be known as ‘rampant’ or ‘endemic’ corruption in the cabinet and other state bodies is only possible with a willing civil service. In an authoritarian political and administrative culture where superiors are not supposed to be challenged and ‘hints’ by superiors are taken as ‘orders’, and in which legal-rational procedures are not regularly adhered to, but irregular (not to say illegal) actions or non-actions are taken as ‘normal’, the civil service cannot be non-partisan but is an instrument of the ruling party. Peter Burnell’s analysis of the endemic â€Å"financial indiscipline† clearly shows that the political and administrative framework for this â€Å"enjoys active connivance from senior government figures and is an entrenched feature of the politico-administrative culture† (Burnell 2001b: 49) in other words: it is deliberately nurtured by the political elite for personal and political gain. At present, local government is not only dysfunctional in its set up but is in many respects derelict.

ASQ Agile v Waterfall Essay Example for Free

ASQ Agile v Waterfall Essay Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Lisa Sieverts, PMP, PMI-ACP Phil Ailes, PMI-ACP Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Agenda †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ What is a Project Overview –†¯ Traditional Project Management –†¯ Agile Project Management The Differences –†¯ Product Life Cycle –†¯ The Teams –†¯ Requirements –†¯ WBS/Product Backlog –†¯ Schedule –†¯ Risk –†¯ Quality QA 2  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 1 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management What is a Project? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Temporary †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Goal †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Constrained 3  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management What makes projects special? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Projects are characterized by uncertainty 4  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 2 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Traditional Waterfall Projects †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Traditional Waterfall Projects –†¯ Dates from the end of WWII –†¯ Grew out of Defense industry –†¯ Based on Deming Cycle of Plan-Do-Check-Act –†¯ Emphasizes heavy up-front analysis –†¯ Lots of documentation –†¯ PMBOK versions 1-4  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Traditional Waterfall Project High Medium Requirements Low Optional High Design Medium Low Optional High Development Medium Low Optional High Testing Medium Low Optional High Deploy Medium Low Optional 6  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 3 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Waterfall Advantages 7  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Waterfall Advantages †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Established Processes- Project Management Body of Knowledge †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Management Controls †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ (Apparent) Predictability †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Great for low uncertainty/high dependency projects –†¯ Construction –†¯ Update of established product –†¯ Maintenance projects 8  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 4 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Waterfall Disadvantages 9  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Waterfall Disadvantages †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sometimes is more about the Process than the Product †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Keeps the customer at bay – by the time they see the end results it may be too late †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Project teams often become rigid and resistant to change: â€Å"Those darn users keep changing their minds.† †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Long product development time 10  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 5 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Agile Project Management †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Agile Way –†¯ Experiments in the 1990s –†¯ Values self-organizing teams –†¯ No formal â€Å"project management† –†¯ Iterative approach –†¯ Flexible  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Manifesto †¢ The Agile Manifesto for Software Development –†¯ â€Å"We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Individuals and interactions over processes and tools †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Working software over comprehensive documentation †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Customer collaboration over contract negotiation †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Responding to change over following a plan –†¯ That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items on the left more.† 12  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 6 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management The Agile Way Sprints – High Priority Features Integrate Test Sprints – Low Priority Features Integrate Test Integrate Test Design Test Test Develop Integrate Test Demo Feedback Develop Requirements Test Test Develop Sprints – Optional Priority Features Demo Feedback Requirements Design Test Design Test Demo Feedback Develop Requirements Test Demo Feedback Requirements Design Test Sprints – Medium Priority Features 13  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Agile Advantages 14  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 7 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Agile Advantages †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Shorter development cycles †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Customer participates, providing direct feedback †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Team-ownership – developers, testers, analysts and customers work together †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Process encourages and easily adapts to change †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Improved quality because testing is continuous 15  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Agile Disadvantages 16  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 8 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Agile Disadvantages †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Lack of established processes †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Management resistance to change †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Reduced (apparent) predictability †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Requires culture change †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ It’s new – there isn’t a lot to draw upon 17  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Project Life Cycle †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Traditional: waterfall –†¯Initiate –†¯Plan –†¯Define –†¯Design –†¯Build –†¯Test †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Agile Projects: iterative –†¯Envision –†¯Speculate –†¯Explore –†¯Adapt –†¯Close –†¯Repeat as necessary 18  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 9 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management The Team †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Waterfall –†¯Sponsor –†¯Product Manager –†¯Project Manager –†¯The Team – defined roles †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Agile –†¯Sponsor –†¯Product Owner –†¯Scrum Master –†¯The Team – variable roles 19  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management The Requirements †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Waterfall –†¯ Large Document –†¯ Formal, based on analysis –†¯ Performed by Business Analyst –†¯ Completed before any development begins †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Agile –†¯ Small Index Cards –†¯ User Stories, based on conversation –†¯ Performed by the Product Owner –†¯ Completed â€Å"just in time† 20  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 10 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management The Foundation Documents †¢ Waterfall –†¯ Work Breakdown Structure 100 % of Scope 21  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management The Foundation Documents †¢ Agile –†¯ The Product Backlog Roman Pichler, Agile Product Management 22  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 11 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management The Schedule †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Waterfall –†¯ Built before work begins –†¯ End date is often †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Agile –†¯ Rebuilt every sprint –†¯ End date evolves based on team velocity –†¯ Focused on nearterm accuracy –†¯ Emphasizes regular delivery of working features predetermined –†¯ Strives to predict the future –†¯ Emphasizes delivery of the entire product 23  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Risk †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Waterfall –†¯ Inherently high-risk based on long product cycles –†¯ Emphasizes the ability to predict the future –†¯ Risk Register †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Agile –†¯ Inherently low-risk based on customer feedback –†¯ Emphasizes adaptation to changing environment –†¯ Risk Register 24  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 12 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Quality †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Waterfall –†¯ Testing is at the end †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Agile –†¯ Testing begins before development of the project –†¯ Testers work separately from developers –†¯ User Acceptance occurs at the end of the project –†¯ Testers and developers work together simultaneously –†¯ User Acceptance occurs at end of every sprint 25  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management What’s Different? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Waterfall –†¯ Plan all in advance –†¯ Work Breakdown Structure –†¯ Functional specs –†¯ Gantt chart –†¯ Status reports –†¯ Deliver at the end –†¯ Learn at the end –†¯ Follow the plan –†¯ Manage tasks †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Agile –†¯ Plan as you go –†¯ Product Backlog –†¯ User stories –†¯ Release plan –†¯ Story boards –†¯ Deliver as you go –†¯ Learn every sprint –†¯ Adapt everything –†¯ Team ownership 26  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 13 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Summary †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Both Waterfall and Agile have the same goals: –†¯ Delivering a well- tested product that satisfies the customer within an efficient time frame that doesn’t leave the team worn out 27  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Questions 28  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 14 Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Thank You 29  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes Waterfall vs. Agile Project Management Contact Us †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Lisa Sieverts –†¯ Facilitated Change –†¯ www.lisasieverts.com –†¯ 603.762.0235 †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Phil Ailes –†¯ Ailes Consulting –†¯ www.ailes-consulting.com –†¯ 603.903.7051 30  ©Lisa Sieverts Phil Ailes 15

Kwalitatief beschrijvend onderzoek

Kwalitatief beschrijvend onderzoek Soort onderzoek Er is gekozen voor een kwalitatief beschrijvend onderzoek. Er wordt een antwoord gezocht op de vraag wat de gevolgen zijn van een loyaliteitsconflict bij jongeren met een licht verstandelijke beperking. Binnen dit onderzoek zijn er interviews gehouden met zes jongeren in de leeftijd van 7 t/m 16 jaar. Binnen de interviews is er gebruik gemaakt van een genogram. Als achtergrondinformatie is er gebruik gemaakt van de literatuur. Onderzoeksontwerp Om het onderzoek te kunnen uitvoeren is er een plan van aanpak opgesteld volgends de stappen van Baarda (2005). Er is een topiclijst opgesteld aan de hand van de attenderende begrippen uit de gebruikte literatuur. Een topiclijst is een lijst met daarop onderwerpen die aanbod komen bij de interviews. Uit de verschillende bestaande interviews is er voor dit onderzoek gekozen voor een gedeeltelijk gestructureerd interview. Dit houdt in dat de topiclijst dient voor de onderwerpen die besproken worden en deze lijst geeft de voorkeur aan van de volgorde van de vragen. Een gedeelte van de vragen staan dus vast aan de hand van de topiclijst. De onderzoeker heeft deze keuze gemaakt om een rode draad te hebben tijdens het interview en omdat de jongeren een licht verstandelijke beperking hebben en snel afgeleid zijn. De interviews zijn afgenomen bij zes respondenten van de naschoolse dagbehandeling uit Terneuzen. Er is voor gekozen om de jongeren op hun eigen behandelgroep te ondervragen omdat de behandeling in hun dagelijkse routine zit en omdat dit een vertrouwde omgeving is. Onderzoekseenheden/respondenten SOORTSTEEKPROEF!! De onderzoekseenheden zijn alle zes verbonden aan oftewel de naschoolse dagbehandeling 12 tot 16 jaar of de naschoolse dagbehandeling 6 tot 12 jaar, beiden gevestigd in Terneuzen. Er is gekozen voor een beredenerende selecte steekproef bij het onderzoek. De kinderen/jongeren zijn zorgvuldig gekozen, hierbij is gekeken naar de aard van het loyaliteitsconflict, de leeftijd en naar de bijkomende individuele problematiek. De jongeren zullen bevraagd worden hun eigen behandelgroep. Hiervoor is gekozen omdat het voor de jongeren/kinderen een veilige vertrouwde plek is waar ze zich op hun gemak voelen. Tevens zal er tijdens het interview een genogram gemaakt worden met de respondenten. Op deze manier wordt inzichtelijk gemaakt hoe het kind het systeem ziet. Ook wordt er tijdens het interview gebruik gemaakt van de familierelatietest. Door het gebruik van zowel de genogram als de familierelatie test geven de jongeren/kinderen op een speelse manier antwoord op de vragen en is het interview afwisselend. Voor jongeren met een lichtverstandelijke beperking is het moeilijk om geconcentreerd te zijn en te blijven. De onderzoeker hoopt dat, door de afwisseling binnen het interview, de concentratie te kunnen behouden, Dataverzameling en verwerking Om binnen dit onderzoek gegevens te verzamelen is er gekozen voor het afnemen van interviews. De keuze om interviews af te nemen is gevallen omdat, het afnemen van interviews, beschreven staat als een ultieme methode voor het achterhalen van attitude, kennis, gevoelens en meningen (Baarda,2005). Binnen dit onderzoek is het van belang om de mening, attitude en gevoelens van de respondenten te achterhalen. De interviews waren gedeeltelijk gestructureerd, dit houdt in dat er van te voren per onderwerp een hoofdvraag vast stond. De interviews werden gehouden aan de hand van de op voorhand gestelde topiclijst. (ZIE ) Per topic stond er 1 hoofdvraag vast, de resterende vragen zijn ontstaan tijdens het interview. De topiclijst is opgesteld aan de hand van de gebruikte literatuur. De interviews hebben maximaal 45 minuten geduurd. Er is er voor deze tijd gekozen omdat de respondenten een licht verstandelijke beperking hebben en zij maximaal 45 minuten hun concentratie bij dit onderwerp konden houden. Het eerste interview was een proefinterview, dit om na te gaan wat de duur van het interview zou zijn en of de interviewvragen voldoende waren om tot resultaten te leiden. Alle interviews zijn opgenomen, de respondenten zijn hiervan op de hoogte gesteld bij aanvang van het interview. De opgenomen interviews zijn op een later tijdstip uitgeschreven. Dit om de dataverwerking zo efficià «nt mogelijk te laten verlopen. En de validiteit te vergroten. Aan de interviews hebben zes respondenten meegewerkt in de leeftijd van 7 t/m 16 jaar. De interviews waren 1-1 en werden gehouden op het kantoor in de groep. Hiervoor is gekozen omdat dit een rustige en vertrouwde plek is van de jongeren. Tijdens het interview zijn er, naast de vaste vraag per topic, voornamelijk open vragen gesteld. Aan de hand van de topiclijst werden er voornamelijk open vragen gesteld daarnaast was het belangrijk voor de interviewer om door te vragen en samen te vatten, dit om duidelijk te krijgen of de interviewer de informatie van de respondent goed begreep en om de aandacht van de respondenten bij het gesprek te houden. Tevens is er tijdens het interview geobserveerd, hierbij werd voornamelijk gelet op de houding en de non verbale communicatie van de respondenten. Ook is er gebruik gemaakt van een genogram. Door het maken van een genogram wordt inzichtelijk hoe de respondent zijn gezinssysteem plaatst. Tevens zal dit middel dienen om over dit onderwerp in gesprek te komen. Een voorbeeld van een gebruikt genogram is te zien in bijlage op bladzijde. Dataregistratie Voor dit onderzoek is er voor gekozen om bandopnames te maken van de afgenomen interviews. Op deze manier wordt er direct geregistreerd, dit verhoogt de validiteit van het onderzoek. Alle respondenten zijn op voorhand op de hoogte gesteld van de bandopnames en hebben hier allemaal toestemming voor gegeven. Een interview is te vinden in bijlage op bladzijde Verder zijn er tijdens de interviews aantekeningen gemaakt van opvallendheden, denk hierbij aan non verbale communicatie. Data analyse De gegevens uit de interviews zijn volgens de stappen van Baarda (2005) uitgewerkt. Vervolgens zijn de gegevens geanalyseerd volgens de analysestappen van Baarda (2005). De interviews worden letterlijk uitgeschreven. DATA ANALYSE BESPREKING VALIDITEIT EN BETROUWBAARHEID Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid Het is van belang dat het duidelijk is waar de onderzoeksresultaten op gebaseerd zijn, het is de bedoeling dat ze controleerbaar en inzichtelijk zijn. Het is voor de onderzoeker van belang dar er rekening gehouden wordt met het hebben van de eigen mening en deze niet mee te laten tellen bij het interview. Voor een kwalitatief onderzoek is het van belang dat duidelijk wordt waar de onderzoeksconclusies op gebaseerd zijn, ze moeten controleerbaar en inzichtelijk zijn. Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit In dit verslag heeft de onderzoeker duidelijk beschreven over welke onderzoekssituatie, populatie en methode van onderzoek het gaat en dat hierover uitspraken gedaan zijn. Voor het kwalitatief onderzoek geldt namelijk dat het duidelijk moet zijn waar de onderzoeksconclusies op gebaseerd zijn, ze moeten controleerbaar en inzichtelijk zijn. Als onderzoeker is het belangrijk om bewust te zijn van de eigen mening, dat deze geen invloed gaat uitoefenen tijdens het interview. Er bestaat namelijk de mogelijkheid dat er zaken over het hoofd gezien worden waardoor zaken niet of minder opvallen door de onderzoeker. Hierdoor is het van belang dat de onderzoeker een duidelijke mening heeft en deze kan beschrijven om misverstanden te voorkomen. Om de validiteit van het onderzoek te vergroten is er bij dit onderzoek gekeken naar de interne, externe- en dataverzamelings-geldigheid. Om de interne geldigheid van dit onderzoek te verhogen is er tijdens de keuze voor het onderzoeksontwerp kritisch gekeken naar welk ontwerp het meest geschikt was om antwoord te krijgen op de hoofdvraag van het onderzoek. Om de externe geldigheid van het onderzoek te vergroten is er tijdens het interviewen zoveel mogelijk geprobeerd om de gegevensverzameling in de originele situatie uit te voeren. Dit werd gedaan door de interviews op de slaapkamer van de respondent zelf te laten plaatsvinden. Door de kritische beschrijving van de onderzoekssituatie en populatie is eveneens de geldigheid vergroot, aangezien het op deze manier mogelijk werd om conclusies uit dit onderzoek te projecteren op vergelijkbare situaties, generaliseren. Kortom de onderzoekssituatie werd beschreven en geà ¯nterpreteerd vanuit het gezichtpunt van de clià «nt. De eerder genoemde datatriangulatie (verschillende dataverzameling technieken) van het onderzoek verhoogt de dataverzamelingsgeldigheid. De andere maatregelen die getroffen zijn door de onderzoeker om de betrouwbaarheid te vergroten is het onderzoeksgebied en de topiclijst af te bakenen hierdoor is de interne validiteit gewaarborgd. De onderzoeker had ook naar de populatie frequentie gekeken, doordat er acht clià «nten naar deze woonvorm waren verhuist, (wat een kleine hoeveelheid is voor een kwalitatief onderzoek) werd er afgesproken dat er minimaal vijf clià «nten aan dit onderzoek moesten deelnemen. Hierdoor kon de onderzoeker de validiteit beter waarborgen. Mochten er geen vijf clià «nten deelnemen aan het onderzoek, dan zou het onderzoek niet uitgevoerd worden doordat het dan niet betrouwbaar was. Hier heeft de onderzoeker goed over na gedacht, waardoor deze zo zorgvuldig en zo duidelijk mogelijk informatie verstrekt heeft aan de clià «nten met betrekking tot het onderzoek. De interviews zijn alleen door de onderzoek afgenomen, en de vragen zijn zoveel mogelijk eenduidig en in dezelfde stijl gesteld. Tevens is er van te voren een topiclijst opgesteld zodat alle clià «nten dezelfde onderwerpen krijgen, het geeft richting aan de gesprekken. Het interview is opgenomen op een cassetterecorder zodat er geen aantekeningen gemaakt werden zodat het gesprek efficià «nt kon verlopen, daarnaast ontstond er zo min mogelijk vertekening van de resultaten. Voor het gebruik van deze apparatuur werd vooraf toestemming gevraagd aan de respondenten. Om sociale wenselijkheid toch zo veel mogelijk te voorkomen, werd door de onderzoeker een duidelijk kader aangegeven waarin het gesprek plaats vond. In dit inleidend gedeelte werd door de onderzoeker uitgelegd waar het interview voor diende en hoe de gegevens gebruikt werden. Er werd duidelijk aangegeven dat de resultaten geheel anoniem verwerkt werden. De vragenlijst, de validiteit hiervan werd getoetst door het kenniscentrum. Het kwalitatieve gedeelte (interview) Volgens de stappen van Baarda (2005) moesten de gegevens vanuit het interview verwerkt worden. Daarna werden de gegevens geanalyseerd aan de hand van de analysestappen volgens Baarda. Bij kwalitatief onderzoek bestaan de gegevens niet uit cijfermateriaal maar vooral uit interviewgegevens. De gegevens werden letterlijk uitgeschreven als tekst (transcriptie). Hierbij zat ook een omschrijving van de respondent, de interviewsituatie, het tijdstip van andere relevante informatie, zoals opvallend non-verbaal gedrag. Het gaat daarna om de analyse van deze teksten. In deze analyse worden de volgende stappen onderscheiden: Selectie van de tekst op relevantie en het schrappen van niet relevante informatie. De probleemstelling vormt hierbij het uitgangspunt. Opdeling van relevante tekst in fragmenten en wel zo dat elk fragment informatie geeft over slechts een onderwerp. Codering van tekstfragmenten. Elk tekstfragment wordt voorzien van een of meer labels (code) waarmee de inhoud van het fragment zo goed mogelijk wordt weergegeven. Ordening en reductie van labels. De verschillende labels die aan de tekstfragmenten gegeven zijn lopen veelal uiteen. Ze zijn van een verschillend abstractieniveau en soms wordt voor het zelfde thema meerdere labels gehanteerd. De labels worden hier geclusterd rond een bepaald thema en daarna wordt er een ordening aangebracht, zoals in tijd. Controle van de labels. Is het label systeem volledig? Is nieuwe informatie zonder problemen onder te brengen in de verzamelde labels? Is er sprake van verzadiging? Definià «ring van de labels: Wanneer de kernlabels zijn benoemd, moet er voor iedereen uit de definitie duidelijk zijn wat er onder verstaan wordt. Controle van de betrouwbaarheid. Zou een andere onderzoeker tot dezelfde labeling komen en worden tekstfragmenten onder dezelfde labels ingedeeld? Door een ander de tekstfragmenten opnieuw te laten labelen en in te de delen kan dit beoordeeld worden. Beantwoording van de probleemstelling. Voor de uiteindelijke analyse moet weer teruggegaan worden naar de probleemstelling van het onderzoek. De onderzoeker is na gegaan of de kernlabels alle even belangrijk waren in het kader van de probleemstelling of dat er nog een zekere hià «rarchie moet worden aangebracht. Resultaten en analyse van het onderzoek (8 tot 10 paginas) Inleiding In hoofdstuk vijf is een uitgeschreven interview terug te vinden in bijlage ., dit interview is uitgeschreven volgens de stappen van Baarda. Binnen dit onderzoek zijn de volgende kernlabels op de voorgrond gekomen; Sekse, nationaliteit, gebeurtenissen verwerken, gevoelens, Afweermechanismen, gezinssysteem, zondebokmechanisme,loyaliteit, schuldgevoel, balans, destructief recht, tegenstrijdige eisen van ouders. Sommige citaten van de geà ¯nterviewden staan vermeld onder de bovengenoemde kernlabels. Verder is er in dit hoofdstuk te lezen hoe het onderzoek gegaan is in de praktijk. Onderzoek het veldwerk in de praktijk Het onderzoek heeft plaatsgevonden op twee groepen van de naschoolse dagbehandeling in Terneuzen van Stichting AZZ. De reden hiervan is omdat de onderzoeker werkzaam is op een van de groepen en regelmatig met jongeren te maken heeft met jongen van gescheiden ouders. De respondenten van het onderzoek zijn allemaal in behandeling op de naschoolse dagbehandeling en zijn zorgvuldig geselecteerd. De jongeren zijn kinderen van gescheiden ouders, en lijken een loyaliteitsconflict te ervaren. De onderzoeker kent drie van de respondenten van de groep waarop ze werkzaam is. De andere drie respondenten zijn van de naschoolse dagbehandeling 12-, en waren onbekend voor de onderzoeker. Met de respondenten van de 12- groep heeft de onderzoeker eerst kennis gemaakt door een aantal keer op de groep te komen en met ze te kletsen over de dagelijkse dingen. Op deze manier was de onderzoeker niet meer vreemd voor de respondenten en verliep het interviews makkelijker. De interviews zijn afgenomen onder de behandeltijd omdat de jongeren dan op de groep zijn en hier niet speciaal voor terug hoefden te komen. De interviews zijn afgenomen op het kantoor in de groep. De interviews zijn allemaal opgenomen op een bandrecorder en verwerkt en geanalyseerd zoals staat beschreven in hoofdstuk vier. Interviewverwerking Het uitwerken van de interviews is gebeurt naar aanleiding van het stappenplan voor een kwalitatief onderzoek, volgends Baarda (2005). De interviews zijn letterlijk uitgeschreven en de opvallendheden zijn tijdens de interviews genoteerd en later in de interviews verwerkt. De genogram en de familierelatietest zijn hulpmiddelen om tot antwoorden te komen tijdens de interviews. En om de concentratie van de respondenten erbij te houden. De topiclijst is gebruikt als uitgangspunt voor de kernlabels. Door de tekst in te delen met bijbehorende fragmenten, zijn er labels ontstaan die weer een onderdeel van de kernlabel zijn. De labels die uit de interviews naar voren kwamen zijn bij elkaar gezet en daar is dan het kernlabel uitgekomen, dus de topic en daar zijn de citaten van de geà ¯nterviewden geplaatst. Op deze manier wordt er een overzichtelijk beeld gecreà «erd over de mening van de respondenten over het betreffende onderwerpen. Op de volgende bladzijden staan de kernlabels nader toegelicht. Sekse, nationaliteit, gebeurtenissen verwerken, gevoelens, Afweermechanismen, gezinssysteem, zondebokmechanisme,loyaliteit, schuldgevoel, balans, destructief recht, tegenstrijdige eisen van ouders Kernlabel: Feiten Kernlabel: Gebeurtenissen verwerken De respondenten geven aan dat ze allemaal moeite hadden met de echtscheiding van hun ouders. Aangegeven wordt dat de ouders veel ruzie maakte en dat ze wel blij zijn dat dat over is. De respondenten geven aan dat ze van mening zijn dat het belangrijk is dat het uitgelegd wordt aan de kinderen waarom de ouders uit elkaar gaan. Niet bij elke respondent is dat gebeurt. Aan sommige geà ¯nterviewden is niet uitgelegd waarom de ouders uit elkaar gingen. Ze geven aan dat ze dit vervelend vonden omdat ze ook wel wisten wat er aan de hand was. Sommige jongeren zeggen er met een aantal familieleden over te hebben kunnen praten , andere zeggen het er niet over gehad te hebben. Een respondent verteld over zijn manier van de gebeurtenis verwerken: Ma vertelde (maakt haakjesgebaar met zijn handen) het want we reden wat rond in Hulst en we reden een straat in en daar stond een bordje verkocht op, en toen zei ma dat we hier gingen wonen, dat ma weg ging van mijn pa. Ik wist wel dat ze ruzie hadden maar ik wist niet dat ze uit elkaar gingen. Ik wilde liever bij mijn pa wonen maar ik was nog klein hà ¨?, dus ik had niks te zeggen Een andere respondent zegt: Toen ik hoorde dat mijn ouders uit elkaar gingen kon ik er niet met mijn moeder over praten, want zij was vet verdrietig dus hield ik alles maar voor me en deed ik gewoon alles wat ik altijd al deed. Gewoon school, en niet zeiken. Het was erger voor mijn moeder niet voor mij, dat zei mijn oma ook. Kernlabel: Gevoelens en schuldgevoel Verdriet wordt het meeste genoemd bij het bespreken van de gevoelens van de geà ¯nterviewde. Ze vertellen verdrietig geweest te zijn omdat er veel spanningen waren tussen de ouders en ze zagen dat de ouders hier ook verdriet om hadden. De geà ¯nterviewde voelde zich machteloos omdat ze niks konden doen. Ook de gevoelens boos en bang worden genoemd. De geà ¯nterviewden zijn vooral bang omdat er iets ging veranderen en ze niet wisten hoe het dan zou zijn, en bang om een ouder kwijt te raken.