The And Oral Communication Curriculum - 2560 Words

Picture a world where a higher power restricts, defines, and degrades the individual from the moment they are born. Everyone has been assigned one title -- woman or man -- that serves as a warning label for his or her capabilities. Whether or not the individual follows these societal constraints, discrimination will always accompany the titles given. Even in America’s gender-focused society, labels and expectations are imposed upon people that can determine the direction--and limits-- of their lives. Such social injustice could spark rebellions and result in shattered laws of civilization and the end of equality for everyone, no matter their gender. As teenage research writers, personally, our lives have been sheltered and confined,†¦show more content†¦One such example can be found in Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun when Walter Younger demeaned Beneatha’s doctoral career-choice. Walter had other views on what a woman his sister’s ag e should do with her life: â€Å"Who the hell told you you had to be a doctor? If you so crazy ‘bout messing ‘round with sick people – then go be a nurse like other women – or just get married and be quiet† (Hansberry 1.1). Walter stands as an emblem of society during the 1950s, the time period of the play, because in his perspective, a woman is not capable of doing a man’s job; therefore, if Beneatha were to become a doctor–generally an occupation dominated by males for many years–she would defy gender stereotypes and act as a detriment against one of civilization s strongest social constructs: gender. Walter, and many others, would much rather have Beneatha remain silent and undereducated merely because she is a woman. He would prefer Beneatha take a job that is for women, a nurse, because it is a position subordinate to a doctor’s. Not surprisingly, gender inequality also existed before A Raisin in the Sun. Harper Lee’s thought-provoking novel To Kill a Mockingbird is known for its harsh, yet very accurate, portrayal of life for people plagued by oppression during the 1930s. Through the eyes of a young, innocent girl named Scout, Lee cleverly displays subtle

Goffman s Theory Of Sociology And Anthropology - 1549 Words

Breanna Legleiter AP Psychology Mr. Schumacher 10 November 2014 Erving Goffman INTRODUCTION Erving Goffman was born in Mannville, Alberta on June 11, 1922. He was born to his Ukrainian Jewish parents, Max and Ann. They were part of the Ukrainians that migrated to Canada between 1897 and 1914. He and his sister, Frances, were raised in Dauphin, near Winnipeg. Goffman attended St. John’s Technical High School. He showed an interest in chemistry and went on to study chemistry at the University of Manitoba in 1939. In 1943 and 1944 Goffman worked at the National Film Board in Ottawa. While there, he met Dennis Wrong. Dennis Wrong encouraged Goffman’s interest in sociology. Soon after, Goffman enrolled at the University of Toronto, where, under the guidance of C.W.M. Hart and Ray Birdwhistell, he read widely in sociology and anthropology† (Fine and Manning). Goffman was influenced by the writings of Durkheim, Radcliffe-Brown, Warner, Freud, and Parsons. At the University of Toronto, Goffman developed a close friendship with anthropologist Elizabeth Bott. Gof fman graduated from the University of Toronto with a degree in sociology in 1945. He moved to the University of Chicago for graduate work. He was initially overwhelmed by the transition and his grades were not extraordinary at the beginning of his graduate work. The University of Chicago was more hectic and confusing than the University of Toronto. After a few years, Goffman finally settled into the life of graduate work.Show MoreRelatedAll the Worlds a Stage, the Dramaturgy1119 Words   |  5 PagesAll The World’s a stage â€Å"All the world s a stage, And all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts† Shakespeare. Although Shakespeare wasn’t a sociologist, I think this quote profoundly sounds like Ervine Goffman’s ideas of dramaturgy and impression management. I agree with both Shakespeare and Ervine. We all have a part to play in this world and we do play it. To me Ervine Goffman’s ideas about self and dramaturgy areRead MoreTheoretical Frameworks Of Sociology And Sociological Perspective Essay918 Words   |  4 Pages What does Sociology have to do with me? Why do people think or act differently than you? Why are some people rich while others are poor? Why do some commit crimes, break laws and others do not? These are all some of the questions students need an answer to, which led them to enrol to this course. â€Å"Sociology is the scientific study of individuals in groups, organizations, c ultures and societies; and of the interrelationships of individuals, group, organizations, cultures and societies.† (KennedyRead MoreSociology : A Sociological Perspective1292 Words   |  6 PagesOrigins of Sociology Ashley Drees Ivy Tech Community College Professor Brosmer April 10,2016 What is Sociology Sociology  is the  study of  social behavior or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. Sociology is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder, and change. Three Main Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Functional Perspective Read MoreInteraction Ritual by Erving Goffman1369 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Erving Goffman (1922-1982) held the position of Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. He served as President of the American Sociological Association in the year leading up to his death in 1982. Goffman is considered as the pioneer of the study of face-to-face interaction and has made a substantial contribution to micro-sociology. He is recognised as a major figure in the symbolic interaction perspective. In 2007 he was listedRead MorePresentation of self outline Essay1990 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Critical appreciation: Erving Goffman; The presentation of self in everyday life. Erving Goffman was one of the most important Sociologists in the 20th century who focussed his study on aspects of social life. It is often argued that Goffman was â€Å"one of the twentieth century’s most remarkable practitioners of social science† (Smith, 2006:1). He was born on the 11th June 1922 in Alberta, Canada. His parents were Jewish and part of the group of Ukrainians who moved to Canada before the beginningRead MoreHow Linguistic Ethnographers Blommaert And. Borba Conceptualize Ethnographic Research?867 Words   |  4 PagesREFERENCES Androutsopoulos, J. (2014) Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH Bauman, R. Briggs, C. (1990) Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology (19) 59-88 Blommaert, J. (2015) Pierre Bourdieu and language in society. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies #126. At www.tilburguniversity.edu Blommaert, J. (2005) Bourdieu the Ethnographer – The ethnographic Grounding of Habitus and Voice. TheRead MoreStructural Functionalist Theory Of Society1648 Words   |  7 PagesStructural-Functionalist theory. This theory states that everything in society is but a small part of a much larger, more complex system and that all things are related meaning that when the whole s needs are met, the individual s needs are also met (Schaefer, 2015). The idea is that individualism is allowed, although deterred and closely watched because if the individual is to stray too far, the whole will suffer in turn causing other individuals to suffer. Another explanation for this theory given by WittRead MoreAlternative Learning Systems9735 Words   |  39 PagesArticles Sociology of the Prison Classroom: Marginalized Identities and Sociological Imaginations behind Bars Teaching Sociology 39(2) 165–178 Ó American Sociological Association 2011 DOI: 10.1177/0092055X11400440 http://ts.sagepub.com Kylie L. Parrotta1 and Gretchen H. Thompson1 Abstract The authors use sociology of the college classroom to analyze their experiences as feminists teaching sociology courses in the ‘‘unconventional setting’’ of prison. Reflective writing was used to chronicle experiencesRead MoreProfessional Student4171 Words   |  17 PagesChapter 1: Understanding Sociology 1. The scientific study of social behavior and human groups is known as A. psychology. B. political science. C. anthropology. D. sociology. Answer: D 2. Sociology A. is the scientific study of social behavior and human groups. B. focuses primarily on how social relationships influence people’s behavior. C. focuses on how societies develop and change. D. all of these Answer: D 3. The awareness that allows people to comprehend the link between theirRead MoreLanguage as a Social Construction of Reality.4593 Words   |  19 PagesReality: Spinning Social Reality with Euphemisms Steve Eliason Montana State University, Billings ABSTRACT This paper describes an exercise I use in my introductory sociology classes that introduces students to language and the social construction of reality process. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is widely taught in introductory sociology classes and suggests that we perceive the world in terms of our own language, and that individual languages produce different and distinct realities for those who speak

Children Of The Anti Vaccine Movement Essay - 2233 Words

Vaccinations have been around for many years, preventing many generations from encountering harmful diseases that at one time lead to death. Recently, there has been an anti-vaccine movement composed of parents debating over whether or not their child’s safety is in the best interest due to harmful side effects that have been identified when it comes to specific vaccines. The CDC recommends each child have a set of sixteen different vaccinations by the age of 6 years old, of those being the MMR which comes in 2 separate doses. By giving children vaccines there is an opportunity to minimize the risk of spreading the virus to other children and gives the whole society the chance to build immunity against an outbreak. Even though the incidence of many diseases has fallen drastically due to the result of these vaccination programs, individuals who are apart of the anti-vaccine movement continue to forgo their children from receiving the vaccinations, like the MMR vaccine because o f the fear of possible side effects, including autism. Scientists and doctors are using their voices to show that science has found no link that the MMR vaccine causes autism, while most anti-vaccine movement members have chosen to use the false information as their explanation for not vaccinating their children. Parents should always be given the right to choose what they think is best for the children, but given the health benefits, safety precautions and scientific evidence of low incidence ratesShow MoreRelatedThe Anti Vaccination Movement Has Been On The Rise Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesRecently the anti-vaccination movement has been on the rise. It all started with one study that suggested that the increasing rates of people diagnosed with autism is directly related to vaccines. Parents whose children were healthy babies and then started showing symptoms of autism were quick to blame vaccines. It is normal for symptoms of autism to not show up immediately, but some parents assume that this must mean that something caused it. Vaccines are something that many children get startingRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccination1414 Words   |  6 PagesControl (CDC) describes vaccination as being one of the ten greatest achievements in public health of the 20th century (CDC 1999) Despite this regard, speculation regarding the matter of vaccines has been around for nearly the entirety of their existence (Wolfe 2002). In his book, Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All, Author Paul Offit does well in informing readers of the ongoing debate regarding the safety and implementation of vaccinations. Offit begins his book by equatingRead MoreVaccine Requirements : Vaccine Requirement Rights1149 Words   |  5 PagesAnderson 5 May, 2016 Vaccine Requirement Rights I. Introduction â€Å"For just a few dollars a dose, vaccines save lives and help reduce poverty. Unlike medical treatment, they provide a lifetime of protection from deadly and debilitating disease. They are safe and effective. They cut health care and treatment costs, reduce the number of hospital visits, and ensure healthier children, families and communities† (Berkley). Parents believe that by passing up on a chance to let their children get vaccinated theyRead MoreThe Anti Vaccine Movement And The Vaccine1620 Words   |  7 Pages The Anti-Vaccine Movement Although the MMR link to autism is one of the most recent anti-vaccine incidences, the anti-vaccine movement didn’t begin with the suggestion that MMR caused autism. Previous vaccine scare incidences arose prior to the 1998 study on MMR that fueled more anti-vaccine sentiments. Offit (2011) claims that the modern American anti-vaccine movement began when a documentary titled DPT: Vaccine Roulette, aired on April 19, 1982. The documentary questioned the safety and effectivenessRead MoreThe Anti Vaccination Movement :1300 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Thinking Problem Solving GEN 1113 19 March 2016 The Anti-Vaccination Movement Step one: The current issue I have selected to discuss is vaccinations. In particular, I will be addressing the anti-vaccination movement that has gained popularity in recent years and the contributing biases that influenced its emergence. One event stands out at as a major contributing factor to the growth of the anti-vaccination movement, the 1998 study by Andrew Wakefield that was published by the EnglishRead MoreBig Pharma Paccines Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesin the life saving abilities and precautions vaccines are able to provide. But recently, a new wave of danger has befallen the mommy bloggers and soccer moms. The fear of bearing autistic children ‘brought about by vaccines’ is too much for these moms, they couldn’t watch their child suffer such a fate. So what’s their solution to protect their precious miracle? Ultimately, sacrificing the overall physical health of the child, as well as the children around them by depriving the child of a good,Read M oreRhetorical Analysis Of Immunizations : Victims Of Their Own Success By Tony Cappello966 Words   |  4 Pages What do all these celebrities have in common? All of them are anti-vaccine. The articles that I have found that relate to my field of study are â€Å"Immunizations: Victims of Their Own Success† by Tony Cappello and â€Å"Addressing the Anti- Vaccination Movement and the Roles of HCW† by S. Tafuri, MS Gallone, MG Cappelli, D. Martinelli, R Prato, et al. Both of these articles are trying to portray the importance of the importance of vaccines to everyone, ranging from parents all the way to health care workersRead MoreArticle Critique : Children Vaccinations1705 Words   |  7 Pages Article Critique: Children Vaccinations The controversial issues of children vaccinations have been an on going dilemma in today’s society. Within the article Anti-Vaccination Movement and Parental Refusals of Immunization of Children in USA by Marian Olpinski the author goes into detail about the definite pros of getting your child vaccinated. The author states that since the anti-vaccination movement has been growing, more and more parents are not getting their children vaccinated. Due to thisRead MoreNegative Effects Of Vaccinations1524 Words   |  7 PagesThe discovery of vaccines is one of the biggest medical achievements of the 20th century. Ever since the experiment performed by Edward Jenner where he inoculated a boy with cowpox to gain immunity from deadly smallpox, the vaccination has greatly reduced the rate of infection and death by vaccine-preventable diseases. However, when receiving the vaccination became a compulsory law in the mid-1800’s in the UK, protestors shot up expressing that the la ws go against their civil liberty. This was theRead MoreThe Anti Vaccine Movement Paper1004 Words   |  5 PagesPierce Kurek Anti-Vaccine Movement Paper 4 September 2016 The first argument that I found compelling – in the manner that someone with little formal training in science might be susceptible to – was the claim that there are unnatural and dangerous chemicals and poisons in vaccines. Through looking at a short list provided by the Healthy Home Economist, you can see things that would make any parent nervous: formaldehyde, aluminum, mercury, antifreeze, and many more. These are dangerous chemicals

The Quality Of Air Pollution - 2161 Words

Statistics indicate that more than four people in five who live in urban areas are negatively affected regarding the standard of the quality of air that the World Health Organization recommends as safe for breathing by human beings (WHO, 2016). These means that roughly all urban regions of the world are affected. However, there are those that suffer the most and these include the low income cities especially found in the developing countries. WHO analytics covers more than 3000 cities in 103 countries spread across the world (WHO, 2016). The figures how that while 56% of cities in high income cities do not meet the standards set by World Health Organization, the percentage shoots to 98% when looking at the medium and low income cities that do not meet the standards (WHO, 2016). From the map produced to indicate the implication of their statistics, it confirms that 92% of the people’s population in the world is breathing polluted air. The damage that results from air pollution can never be overstated. There are health problems like the risks of cardiac diseases, acute and chronic respiratory diseases like asthma, lung cancer and so forth (Aryes, Maynard, Richards, 2006). Corrosion dud to formation of acid rain, global warming and poor visibility reduces are but some of other issues mentioned randomly. More than two million deaths are linked to air quality. The worrying observation from analyst has been that there have been frequent alerts on the state of the atmosphericShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Pollution On The Air Quality Standard955 Words   |  4 PagesThe two biggest air pollution in California are transportation such as cars and trucks and stationary sources such as oil refineries and industry facilities. Two major pollutions are ozone and fine particulate materials. Ozone also known as smog. The cause of smog includes the automobile and industrial processes that involve combustion of fossil fuels. The products of fossil fuel consumption are sulfur dioxide, particles, ground-level ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and lead. Ground-levelRead MoreAir Pollution : Factors Responsible For Poor Air Quality1039 Words   |  5 PagesCentral Valley get its pollution from the valley, but it also gets air pollution that are transported from the Bay Area (valleyair.org). Due to the valley’s bowl shape, it traps the pollution which causes many issues and is a serious problem. This research paper will focus on the major source of air pollution, factors responsible for poor air quality, impacts of air pollutants in the valley, and regulations. Major Source of Air Pollutants The major source to air pollution in the Central Valley isRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Human Health And Quality Of Life965 Words   |  4 PagesAir is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. It is the most essential element for all living organisms and yet, most humans play a big role on polluting this essential resource and this means air pollution occurs. According to the Geoplanet.org, air pollution is the addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health and quality ofRead MoreTraffic Congestion and the Pollution it Creates is Affecting Air Quality1774 Words   |  8 Pages2011), and the Clean Air Partnership estimates that idling in the GTHA wastes 90 million litres of fuel each year (ibid), which further justifies the need to combat gridlock and traffic congestion with effective government policies. Air is a transboundary problem therefore no one jurisdiction, whether it is a municipality, province, country or continent, can completely control the air in which its residents breathe in. In addition, each have their own authority to uphold air quality for its residentsRead MoreAir Polution And Outdoor Air Pollution1299 Words   |  6 PagesProblem Poor air quality can be classified into two types of air pollution: indoor air pollution and outdoor air pollution. Both types of air pollution affect developed and developing countries through diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, heart disease, acute respiratory disease, stroke, and chronic respiratory disease. According to a World Health Organization report of 2014, over ninety percent of the global population was living in areas where air quality level did not meet the air quality guidelineRead MoreAir Pollution1505 Words   |  7 PagesAir pollution has been an ongoing issue for decades. With a vast amount of causes, such as: burning fossil fuel, manufacturing, and wildfires; it is hard to completely eliminate air pollution, but something can be done to lessen the severity of air pollution. Long exposure to poor air quality leaves the human respiratory system at risk. Air pollution can affect those with asthma, especially children. Researchers did a test to see whether air pollution caused by vehicles was a factor that affectedRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Human Health Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesObjectives 1. To establish the definition of air pollution and pollutants and determine their chemical nature. 2. To identify the causes of Air pollution 3. To define air pollution in India with respect to law as stated in the Indian Constitution. 4. To describe the Supreme Court interjection due to Delhi’s pollution and its results. 5. To assess the air pollution level in Delhi and compare the levels before and after Diwali 6. To find the level of pollution caused by different sources and the data supportingRead MoreHong Kong s Air Pollution Problems1660 Words   |  7 PagesHong Kong’s Air Pollution problems Hong Kong’s air pollution has reached unprecedented, phenomenal levels, which seems to be growing controllably with each passing day, and creating worse situations. Despite there are desperate and overwhelming measures taken by the Hong Kong Government Authority to address and rectify the situation, the situation of air pollution is turning grimmer by the day. After the Second World War, the major working sector in China began a massive shift from the agrarianRead MoreAir Pollution and Some of the Diseases and Problems It Causes784 Words   |  3 PagesAir pollution refers to chemicals, biological materials, or other harmful toxins released into the Earth’s atmosphere. [3] Most air pollutants are anthropogenic (human-made), such as exhaust emissions and power plants.[ ] Air pollution damages environments and harms the organism that lives in them by causing life threaten diseases. Indoor air pollution and urban air quality is the world’s worst type of pollutants.[ ] Indoor Air pollution and Urban air Quality is responsible for 3.1 million prematureRead MoreAir Pollution Is Something That Every Country Suffer From.896 Words   |  4 PagesAir pollution is something that every country suffer from. The United States of America is one of those countries. According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), pollution levels in m any areas of the United States exceed national air quality standards. With air pollution exceeding air quality, some political parties are willing to take action, while others are not. Understanding the most current presidential candidates’ views on air pollution is vital to ensure who will protect the children

GAAP as Ineffective Legal Defense †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the GAAP as Ineffective Legal Defense. Answer: Introduction: In the current competitive landscape, various issues confront the corporate firms when they conduct their business operations. More specifically, the accounting-related issues are inherent, since many organisations fail to adhere to the regulations and guidelines stated in the conceptual framework. In order to meet the needs of the conceptual framework, the preparation and disclosure of the financial statements need to be made appropriately. The main issuers of this framework include Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) and International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) through which it is possible for the firms to obtain an overview of the requirements and guidelines required to prepare and reveal their financial reports (Azam 2017). The goal of this report is to present the different aspects laid out in the conceptual framework and therefore, Boral Limited is taken into consideration. Boral Limited is an Australian multinational corporation, which is involved in producing and supplying construction and building materials having operations in US and Asian nations and it is listed under ASX 100 (Boral.com 2018). For Boral Limited, it is important to satisfy three objectives of the proposed conceptual framework of IASB and AASB that would help in preparing and revealing its financial reports. The brief description of these objectives in the context of Boral Limited are analysed as follows: This objective mandates the need for the organisations in revealing their financial performance by presenting the income made and amount spent in the form of expenses. The income statement of the business entities helps in revealing such information to their users (Baker and Burlaud 2015). It could be observed that Boral Limited has made the necessary disclosures in its income statement supported additionally by the financial statement notes. As per the latest annual report of Boral Limited, its income statement is illustrated as follows: This objective clearly highlights the fact that the economic resources of a business entity are to be disclosed to the users for portraying the actual financial position concerning the business operations. The balance sheet statement of an entity helps in providing such information to the users (Barker et al. 2014). The annual report of Boral Limited clearly provides a description of all the economic resources, which could be identified from its statement of financial position. This objective necessitates the need for the organisation to pass information to the users about the changes in the financial condition so that the latter could undertake significant decisions. These changes could be identified from the cash flow statement and statement of changes in owners equity (Barth 2015). Boral Limited has presented both the statements in its annual report, which are illustrated as follows: Recognition criteria of the conceptual framework: Boral Limited has to meet certain recognition criteria in relation to different financial components like liabilities, assets, equity, revenue and expense apart from the conceptual framework objectives. For adhering to AASB and IASB, it is necessary to take into account different aspects when the financial statements are recognised. At the time of recognition, it is mandatory for Boral Limited to consider financial information of the distinct components like assets, liabilities and others (Barth 2018). Moreover, it is necessary for the accountants of the business entities to ensure recognition of those aspects having association with rightful representation of the financial elements. Finally, it is required for the organisations to undertake cost-benefit analysis of the financial components. The principles of AASB and IASB are to be followed for fulfilling these criteria. It could be identified by discussing the recognition criteria in the context of Boral Limited, which are explained as follows: As Boral Limited is involved in operating in the Australian construction industry, the primary fixed assets of the organisation include property, plant and equipment. Property, plant and equipment is realised at cost minus accumulated depreciation and impairment, which could be linked with Section 334 of the Corporations Act 2001 and AASB 116 Property, Plant and Equipment. The initial recognition of trade and other receivables is made at the issued invoice value and at the amount considered recoverable from the customers (cost of amortisation using the method of effective rate of interest). In addition, Boral Limited has created an allowance for doubt debts for the anticipated irrecoverable trade amounts. In case of Boral Limited, the recognition of inventory is made at lower of net realisable value or cost in accordance with the guidelines of AASB 102 Inventories. Boral Limited realises provisions in its balance sheet statement, if the following three conditions are satisfied: There is a present obligation due to previous event The obligation amount could be gauged reliably There is likelihood that the economic benefit outflow would be needed for settling obligation (Craig, Smieliauskas and Amernic 2017) The realisation of loans and borrowings is made initially at fair value minus attributed transaction costs, in which they are stated at amortised cost. In case of Boral Limited, ordinary shares are considered in the form or equity and they are paid wholly with no par value, having one vote per share and the dividend rights. Thus, it complies with the requirements of AASB 1004. Revenue is recognised in Boral Limited from the provision of products or services, allowances, discounts and net of returns. In addition, all the considerable risks and rewards related to the purchaser during revenue, which complies with the standard AASB 118 Revenue. Expenses are recognised in the income statement at the time they occur irrespective of whether the payment is made or not. The above dissection clearly validates the fact that Boral Limited has complied effectively with the guidelines and principles of the conceptual framework so that different financial statement aspects are recognised appropriately. Fundamental qualitative characteristics of the conceptual framework: Two fundamental qualitative characteristics are inherent in the conceptual framework for financial reporting, which are elaborated in relation to Boral Limited as follows: It is highly expected from the business entities regarding faithful representation of their financial position (Gordon et al. 2015). As a result, the worth of the financial information is increased. According to the audit report published in the annual report of Boral Limited, the preparation of the financial statements is made in such a way that they fulfil the needs of AASB and IASB. If relevant financial information is disclosed in the annual report, the users could extract the necessary information that would aid in their process of decision-making (Perera and Chand 2015). In case of Boral Limited, pertinent financial information is delivered to the users about the economic resources that it possesses and this could be identified from the balance sheet statement of the organisation. Enhancing qualitative characteristics of the conceptual framework: Four enhancing qualitative characteristics are inherent in the conceptual framework for financial reporting, which are elaborated in relation to Boral Limited as follows: There is a positive and strong correlation between verifiability and faithful representation. The reason is that faithful representation forms the base so that the financial information of the corporate entities could be verified (Smieliauskas, Craig and Amernic 2017). As evaluated, Boral Limited has conformed to all the relevant standards, which makes it easy for its users to verify the published financial statements in the annual report. With the help of the aspect of comparability, the users could differentiate as well as detect the similarities in the economic resources of the corporate organisations. It has been assessed that Boral Limited develops its financial statements in a way that follows the prevailing norms and guidelines of the conceptual framework. This provides a platform for the users in comparing its financial information with the other entities having separate timelines. With the help of timely revelation of financial information, the users would be benefitted greatly (Walton 2018). Boral Limited is involved in publishing quarterly as well as annual reports so that the users could be supplied with valuable information. If there is broadening of financial information, the users could use the same for specific purpose. The formation of the presentation of financial information of Boral Limited is simple, as it categorises all the aspects and footnotes for assuring better understanding of the users. Conclusion: The above analysis clearly inherits the fact that all the essential norms and rules pertaining to the AASB and IASB conceptual framework at the time of preparing and revealing financial information on the part of Boral Limited. Moreover, it has complied with all the objectives, which are mentioned under the reporting of conceptual framework. Along with this, it has been evaluated that the organisation has followed the criteria of recognition that includes assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses. Finally, it has been dissected that Boral Limited contains all the necessary enhancing and fundamental qualitative characteristics laid down in the conceptual framework for developing the financial statements. References: Azam, M.R., 2017. Challenges to the Users of Financial Reports Constructed Using Multiple Measurement Bases: A Review of the IASBs Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting.International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting,7(2), pp.172-177. Baker, C.R. and Burlaud, A., 2015. The historical evolution from accounting theory to conceptual framework in financial standards setting.The CPA Journal,85(8), p.54. Barker, R., Lennard, A., Nobes, C., Trombetta, M. and Walton, P., 2014. Response of the EAA financial reporting standards committee to the IASB discussion paper A review of the conceptual framework for financial reporting.Accounting in Europe,11(2), pp.149-184. Barth, M.E., 2015. Commentary on Prospects for Global Financial Reporting.Accounting Perspectives,14(3), pp.154-167. Barth, M.E., 2018. The Future of Financial Reporting: Insights from Research.Abacus. Barth, M.E., Nobes, C. and Tarca, A., 2015. Conceptual framework for financial reporting: an introduction to the special issue by the guest editors. Boral.com., 2018. [online] Available at: https://www.boral.com/sites/corporate/files/media/field_document/Boral-Annual-Report-2017.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Craig, R., Smieliauskas, W. and Amernic, J., 2017. Estimation Uncertainty and the IASB's Proposed Conceptual Framework.Australian Accounting Review,27(1), pp.112-114. Gordon, E.A., Bischof, J., Daske, H., Munter, P., Saka, C., Smith, K.J. and Venter, E.R., 2015. The IASB's discussion paper on the Conceptual framework for financial reporting: a commentary and research review.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,26(1), pp.72-110. Perera, D. and Chand, P., 2015. Issues in the adoption of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES).Advances in Accounting,31(1), pp.165-178. Smieliauskas, W., Craig, R. and Amernic, J., 2017. GAAP as Ineffective Legal Defense of Financial Reporting: Implications for Truthfulness, Auditability, and the IASB's Proposed 2015 Conceptual Framework. Walton, P., 2018. Discussion of Barker and Teixeira ([2018]. Gaps in the IFRS Conceptual Framework. Accounting in Europe, 15) and Van Mourik and Katsuo ([2018]. Profit or loss in the IASB Conceptual Framework. Accounting in Europe, 15).Accounting in Europe, pp.1-7.

Americas First Serial Killer Essay Example For Students

Americas First Serial Killer Essay In a later time, Minnie R. Williams would have been called a Dallas girl. She grew up in Big D, received a quality education at Bostons Conservatory of Elocution and she had money. The money came following the death of the kindly rich uncle who had taken her in as an orphan. Minnie inherited his estate, including some real estate in Fort Worth appraised at nearly $50,000. After her out-of-state schooling, Minnie lived in Dallas with her sister Nannie (who had been raised by another uncle) before deciding to return to Boston for additional studies. While there, she met a good looking fellow named Harry Gordon. In addition to being handsome, he was smart. And, like Minnie, he had money or at least said he did. Smitten from the start, Minnie soon signed letters to her sister as Mrs. Harry Gordon. The newlyweds moved to Chicago in March 1893. Later that spring, Minnie wrote Nannie and asked her to come to Chicago to see the worlds fair then under way. The sister arrived in June. In early July, Nannie wrote her aunt that she, Minnie and her new brother-in-law planned to visit Europe. That letter, written July 4, 1893, was the last time anyone ever heard from either of the two sisters. Later that summer, their relatives engaged the famous Pinkerton Detective Agency to find the two young women. Meanwhile, an affable Midwesterner got off the train in Fort Worth to handle a little financial business. At the Tarrant County Clerks office he filed a deed signed over to him by his wife, Minnie Williams Gordon, preparatory to making improvements to the property. Gordon soon hired a contractor to build an expensive three-story stone and frame building on the lot. With construction still under way, Gordon borrowed $20,000, using his real estate and the planned improvements as collateral. But Gordon seemed to have trouble making the loan payments. Before long, he borrowed something else someones horse and consolidated his debt by riding that horse out of state with most of the banks $20,000 in his pocket. The Pinkerton men on the case succeeded in unraveling it, tracing Gordon to Boston. When Bean Town police arrested him on Nov. 17, 1894, he confessed to scamming folks in Texas. But he did not confess all at first. When he lived in Chicago, he said, I fell in with a typewriter girl Minnie and furnished a house on the outskirts of the city, where we lived together. A younger sister came to visit us and the woman Minnie grew so jealous that in a quarrel one day she struck her over the head with a stool and killed her. To save the woman with whom I was living Minnie, I put the body in a trunk, loaded it with stones, and sunk it in the lake. Gordon went on to claim that he sent Minnie abroad, but not before she had conveyed to him her Texas real estate. To save the property from creditors, he continued, he and a fellow named Benjamin F. Pitezel formed a scheme to swindle the Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company. The details of that scheme have no direct Texas connection, but its resolution brought at least some measure of satisfaction for the family and friends of the two sisters from Dallas. Harry Gordon, it turned out, was one of several aliases employed by one Herman Webster Mudgett. Born and raised in Gilmanton, NH, Mudgett came from a prominent family. Smart, good-looking and charismatic, he enrolled in medical school with a bright future ahead of him. But his formal education ended when he got caught stealing dead bodies in an effort to scam life insurance companies. .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 , .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 .postImageUrl , .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 , .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772:hover , .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772:visited , .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772:active { border:0!important; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772:active , .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772 .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf874503d32e75489978eaee3902e772:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hurricane Andrew 3 EssayAmerica being the land of opportunity, in 1889 Mudgett moved to Chicago for a fresh start. He changed his name to Henry Howard Holmes and began looking for a situation suitable for a man of his talents. Answering a newspaper ad placed by a drugstore owner seeking to hire a pharmacist, Mudgett found the proprietor to be terminally ill. The pharmacists wife had been trying to keep the business going, but she needed help. Mudgett got the job, the owner died, and Mudgett bought the business .

Raymond An Introduction The New Testament â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Raymond An Introduction The New Testament? Answer: Introducation The aim of New Testament theology is to predict the past in view of the present and show it in such a way that its future importance will be seen1. It helps in connecting the world of New Testament and that of the future, and brings about the key meaning and allow divine and human to be in union by bringing about gifts whereby God creates meaning in Jesus Christ with the testimony of the gift in the New Testament writings. In early church the community came together for prayers and there was sharing of the word of God and celebration of baptism and holy Eucharist. The prayer meetings were done in house churches and this allowed peaceful and organized religious life and this gave a high competition to the synagogues meetings. Gospel is a word used to signify the good news of Jesus Christ. He is the proclaimer and the content of the gospel. According to the gospel of Mark, the deeds and words of Jesus Christ is the content of the gospel and he describes Jesus as the crucified and risen son of God therefore a speaking subject in the gospel 1Brown, Raymond E.An introduction to the New Testament. The earthly way of Jesus is the way of the son of God as he is in union with heaven and earth and therefore the gospel of mark makes this connection by Jesus baptism, transfiguration and the confession of a centurion under the cross and these forms the basic framework of the gospel because each case represents earthly and heavenly figures. The gospels in the New Testament were written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John2. The first three explains about the history of Jesus Christ on earth, his birth, teachings, passion and death on the cross. Each one described this history in their own point of view and own ways and faith. 2Johnson, Luke Timothy.The writings of the New Testament. References Brown, Raymond E.An introduction to the New Testament. Yale University Press, 2015. Johnson, Luke Timothy.The writings of the New Testament. Fortress Press, 2010.

The Education Of Nineteenth Century Women Artists Essays

The Education Of Nineteenth Century Women Artists The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journey. It wasnt until the nineteenth century that the workings of a recognized education for these women finally appeared. Two of the most famous and elite schools of art that accepted, and still accept, women pupils are the Philadelphia School of Design for Women and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (the PAFA). Up until the early nineteenth century, women were mostly taught what is now called a fashionable education (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5). Their mothers raised them to be proper, young ladies and expert housekeepers in expectation of marriage. If these women were fortunate enough to receive some kind of formalized schooling, they were to study penmanship, limited aspects of their mother language, and very little arithmetic (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5). Unfortunately, this small degree of education was extremely constrictive to women. If they never married or were widowed at a young age, they really had no place to go. This form of womens education created generations of women that were almost entirely dependent on their husbands and male relatives. During the nineteenth century, when the feminist movement was beginning, many schools were established specifically for the education of women, such as the Philadelphia School of Design for Women, and also for the education of both. In the beginning, womens art schools mostly taught pupils practical applications of art. For example, female art students often studied drawing and lithographing, in hopes that they would be hired by industrial companies as designers. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women was one of the first all womens art schools to establish this form of education. Founded in 1844 by a woman named Sarah Peter, the Philadelphia School of Design for Women was a school like none that had come before it. Peter was a wealthy woman of stature and decided to start this school in one of the rooms of her mansion and to hire a teacher to hold regular classes for women in art and design. (As a wonderful incentive for all women, tuition was free for the poor and the wealthy paid a very small sum.) Sarah Peter saw how truly poor the traditional education for women was and she strongly believed that every woman should stand by her sex, thus her reasoning for establishing this soon to become famous art school. As Peter saw it, she wished to give young women some practical training,should [they] so desire or the necessity arise, for well paying self support, (qtd. in Philadelphia School of Design for Women 6). In addition to her personal feelings, she had a very specific reason for starting the Philadelphia schooltrain women to create designs for the citys ind ustrial lines, such as textiles, lithographing, wood engraving, floor coverings, and furniture. From this point on, Peter devoted the rest of her life to overseeing the School and also traveled around the U.S. to establish art schools, like the Philadelphia, in other cities (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 6-11). The Philadelphia School of Design for Women originally had three departments from which young women could take classes: drawing, industrial, and wood engravings/lithography. The majority of the women were instructed within the drawing department, in which pupils made copies of original compositions and applied coloring and shading. From here on, depending on the instructor, they would progress toward drawings from casts and life (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 23-24). The industrial department showed the women applications of drawing, shading, and coloring to the art of design. Surprisingly, these designs and patterns created by the women of the Philadelphia School were secured under copyright law for some time (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 24). In the third department, lithography/wood engraving, women were taught drawing on stone and carving in wood. During the first years of the school, the actual printing was done on school grounds. However, in later years, most printing was done outside the school by contract. Due to the beauty and perfection of the pupils works, very soon after the Schools establishment, several of the students lithographs were used in floral brochures, such as

Organizing St. Peters Hospital

Table of Contents Introduction Differences between management and leadership The role and responsibilities of a leader The effects of globalization Conclusion Reference List Introduction St. Peter’s hospital in New York is one good example of an organization that has enhanced good management and the use of technology to improve its services. The organization’s management is structured in such a way that everything operates smoothly. Thus, there is specialization and division of labor. There is no overlap of duties by employees of different departments. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizing: St. Peter’s Hospital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because every person who has been employed in this health facility has some aspects of professional background. For instance, the human resource department professionally undertakes on its duties in recruiting staff. Effective leadersh ip and good management have been very important in the process of running the health organization. In addition, the way in which the hospital’s management has embraced modern technology has helped in its efforts of globalization. As a result, the health facility has been able to attract many people who want to employ the services of the hospital. Differences between management and leadership One of the definitions of leadership is that it is giving new directions or giving new dreams to a team that follows the leadership. This means that the leader is the one who spearheads the implementation process of any vision or dream. On the other hand management is a control parameter that takes care of people’s resources within the team. Management controls these specific resources according to laid down policies and principles that are already in place. The two terms compliment each other since one cannot work without the other (Blanchard 2008). Leadership without management only takes care of the visions and dreams of a leader. In this situation there is no control measures necessary in the achievement of the dreams. On the other hand management without leadership is void since there is no provision of new change or new direction. Whatever happens in this situation only deals with control of the available resources, be it human or natural. Leadership must be participatory and not symbolic. This is because when a leader is taken as a symbol, they act as a figure head. This happens to the leader without taking any direction. Thus, the leader is not visionary and therefore cannot provide a new direction or a new vision to the team.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The management of St. Peter’s hospital is structured to enhance efficiency and specialization of services. The specialized work force enables high quality services to be rendered . Thus, to facilitate the management of the health facility, the management has been divided into different departments. Each department has qualified professionals that are specialized for their particular jobs. The role and responsibilities of a leader Leadership is an important aspect in any organization because leaders act as a channel through which results can be achieved. Leadership acts as a coordinating point of efforts within a group. Therefore, the leader is the figure that guides efforts in order for a group to achieve the desired results. Effective leadership is important because it helps in creating a culture of self motivation and creative thinking. Effective leadership also aligns the unidirectional focus thereby concentrating energy in a particular direction. For these reasons, motivational, strategic and management skills must be present for there to be an effective leadership strategy. Leadership also entails pushing forward relevant and dynamic ideas. It also inv olves not running away from responsibilities. There is no way a person can lead while they are away from that particular responsibility. It is also important to note that effective leadership unlocks drivers of particular processes which are hidden. An effective leader is one who takes the role of harnessing all the energy present within the team that follows them. This will help the entire group to achieve a common task due to increased efficiency that comes as a result of concentration of efforts towards a particular goal. Qualities of leadership do not change, despite the organizational changes through time. The only thing that changes is the structure of the management of the organization. This is because throughout time, there has been loss of middle management. This comes as a result of flattening of company’s structure. These reasons prompt the current organization leadership to possess greater project management skills (Snell, a. 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizing: St. Peter’s Hospital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The leader must therefore be visionary and inspirational so that they may know what needs to be achieved and create an image of how things ought to be (Snell, b. 2009). An effective leader must also be aware and be influential. The awareness of a leader will make them understand the abilities of each individual. A good leader must also understand their role in influencing the group that they lead. Hence an influential leader will use vision and employ the services of stakeholders in order to sway an opinion. In addition, effective leadership skills must have the aspects of trustworthiness so as to be honest and open to the team under the leader. They should also keep track of progress as a way of monitoring the targets. Taking all these factors into consideration, it can be deciphered that the role of a leader is pretty challenging (Bu ble Ivana 2007). At St. Peter’s hospital, Individuals and groups report to the higher authorities who are mainly departmental leaders. For instance, any matter concerned with recruitment of new staff is always done by the human resource department. The number of individuals under a manager is optimal to enhance the effectiveness of control. The effects of globalization Globalization is a trend can be described as having a free trade growth and investment across international borders. Globalization has resulted in integration of the international economy. Management controls specific resources according to laid down policies and principles that are already in place. The two terms compliment each other since one cannot work without the other. Positive effects of globalization include opening up of broader communication throughout the world. The opening up of communication helps in creating job opportunities. Also technological advances attribute their success to globalization . Sharing of ideas and the success of media has also been as a result of globalization. Technological input has helped to increase efficiency of professional services. The acquisition of modern machinery such as modern surgical equipment, digitization of documents, ultrasound machines and power wheelchairs has improved organization processes in the respective departments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Leadership is giving new directions or giving new dreams to a team that follows a leader. This means that the leader is the one who spearheads the implementation process of any vision or dream. On the other hand management is a control parameter that takes care of people’s resources within the team. Leadership is an important aspect in any organization because leaders act as a channel through which results can be achieved. Reference List Blanchard, K. (2008). Situation Leadership: Leadership Excellence: May 2008: 25, 5: ProQuest, p. 19. Buble, M Ivana, P. (2007). Interdependence between Organizational Culture and Leadership Styles: The Croatian Case. The Business Review, Cambridge: Summer 2007: 7, 1: ProQuest. Snell, B. (2009 a). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World. Ed. 8. The Mc-Graw-Hill Companies. Chapter 4. Snell, B. b. (2009 b). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World. Ed. 8. The Mc-Graw-Hill Companies. Chapter 1 2. This essay on Organizing: St. Peter’s Hospital was written and submitted by user Aniya W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Smoking Prohibited with Minors in Vehicles essays

Smoking Prohibited with Minors in Vehicles essays Smoking Prohibited with Minors in Vehicles Children do not have a choice whether or not an adult smokes while driving a vehicle. According to Chest magazine, 4.8 million American children have been diagnosed with asthma. The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta report that in 1993, 159,000 children under the age of fifteen were hospitalized for acute asthma, and 5,300 people died. The American Lung Association states that the annual health care cost for asthma is 12.6 billion dollars. The value of reduced productivity due to loss of school days represented the largest single indirect cost related to asthma, approaching $1 billion. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease states that, More than 10 million school days are missed annually due to asthma. Annually in America, there are approximately 10.4 million physician office visits for the treatment of asthma. Approximately one-third of those visits are for patients under the age of 18, as reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. This law would be authorized by the United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3...To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes. This Commerce Clause would pertain to those individuals traveling in vehicles. Added authorization is found in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18. The necessary and proper clause would allow for the novel idea of regulating individual habits inside privately owned vehicles. In American Government and Politics Today, this clause has allowed Congress to adapt the government to changing needs and times. Enforcement of this law would be delegated to each state. Each states Department of Transportation, Highway/State Patrol would also then enforce this law. Local law/County Sheriff offices would give their support likewise. ...

How to Write a Descriptive Essay In 3 Easy Steps - BestEssay.education

How to Write a Descriptive Essay In 3 Easy Steps How to Write a Descriptive Essay In 3 Easy Steps Writing a descriptive essay is easier than it seems. If you have mastered the basics of writing an essay, the descriptive essay is something that you can master fairly easily. In fact, there are only x steps between you and a successfully completed descriptive essay. Before we go through those steps, let's answer the question, 'what is a descriptive essay?'. To use a tautology, a descriptive essay is an essay that describes something. What this means is that you will be taking an object, a person, an event, or an experience, and you will be describing that to your readers in a way that they can truly understand. Now that the definition has been established, let's review the 3  steps to writing a descriptive essay. Selecting an Essay Topic Your best topic will be one that is highly interesting to you and one that is complex enough that    you can dedicate an entire essay to describing it. In fact, the more senses that you can evoke in  your readers the better. As you evaluate potential topics, see if you can answer all of the  following questions: What would a person see? What would they hear? What would they taste? What would they smell? What would they feel? The stronger your answers to each of these questions, the more likely it is that you have found a great subject for your descriptive essay. However, it can be okay to write a descriptive essay on  a topic if it does not evoke all four senses, as long as it evokes very strong sensory and   emotional responses as you describe it. Reviewing Your Topic Students often select topics for descriptive essays that come from personal experience. This could mean that they are describing experiences they have themselves, objects the possess, or people that they know. This could also mean that they are simply trying to describe something they are truly interested in. This is a good thing, because familiarity and emotional attachment   Ã‚   makes writing a descriptive essay much easier. However, it is absolutely imperative that you spend time reviewing your topic. No matter how familiar you are, you still need to go over what you experienced, heard, or saw. This will help make the experience fresh in your mind. Use Descriptive Words to Write a Descriptive Paragraph Keep in mind that adjectives are key. The more adjectives in your essay, the more impact it is going to have on both your readers and on your instructor. So, be original and prolific in the way that you use adjectives, and also adverbs, in your essay. Remember that, 'It was a blue car   that nobody drove', is not the same as 'It was matte finished navy blue car that sat idle in my friend's garage. Now that you know how to write a descriptive essay, you should be ready to tackle your next writing assignment. However, if you are not ready, we have plenty of writers on staff to help students just like you.

Napoleons Empire

Napoleon's Empire The borders of France and the states ruled by France grew during the wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. On May 12th, 1804 these conquests received a new name: the Empire, ruled by a hereditary Bonaparte Emperor. The first – and in the end only – emperor was Napoleon, and at times he ruled vast swathes of the European continent: by 1810 it was easier to list the regions he didn’t dominate: Portugal, Sicily, Sardinian, Montenegro, and the British, Russian and  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ottoman Empires. However, while it’s easy to think of the Napoleonic Empire as one monolith, there was considerable variation within the states. The Make-Up of the Empire The empire was divided into a three-tier system. Pays Rà ©unis: this was land governed by the administration in Paris, and included the France of the natural frontiers (i.e. the Alps, the Rhine and the Pyrenees), plus states now subsumed into this government: Holland, Piedmont, Parma, the Papal States, Tuscany, the Illyrian Provinces and a lot more of Italy. Including France, this totaled 130 departments in 1811 – the peak of the empire – with forty-four million people. Pays Conquis: a set of conquered, although supposedly independent, countries which were ruled by people approved by Napoleon (largely his relatives or military commanders), designed to buffer France from attack. The nature of these states ebbed and flowed with the wars, but included the Confederation of the Rhine, Spain, Naples, the Duchy of Warsaw and parts of Italy. As Napoleon developed his empire, these came under greater control. Pays Allià ©s: The third level was fully independent states who were bought, often unwillingly, under Napoleon’s control. During the Napoleonic Wars Prussia, Austria and Russia were both enemies and unhappy allies. The Pays Rà ©unis and Pays Conquis formed the Grand Empire; in 1811, this totaled 80 million people. In addition, Napoleon redrew central Europe, and another empire ceased: the Holy Roman Empire was disbanded on August 6th, 1806, never to return. Nature of the Empire The treatment of states in the empire varied depending on how long they remained part of it, and whether they were in the Pays Rà ©unis or Pays Conquis. It’s worth pointing out that some historians reject the idea of time as a factor, and focus on regions in which pre-napoleon events inclined them to be more receptive to Napoleon’s changes. States in the Pays Rà ©unis before the Napoleonic era were fully departmentalized and saw the benefits of the revolution, with the end of ‘feudalism’ (such as it existed), plus land redistribution. States in both the Pays Rà ©unis and Pays Conquis received the Napoleonic legal Code, the Concordat, tax demands, and administration based on the French system. Napoleon also created ‘dotations’. These were areas of land seized from conquered enemies where the entire revenue was given to Napoleon’s subordinates, conceivably forever if the heirs stayed loyal. In practice they were a huge drain on the loca l economies: the Duchy of Warsaw lost 20% of revenue in dotations. Variation remained in outlying areas, and in some privileges survived through the era, unaltered by Napoleon. His introduction of his own system was less ideologically driven and more practical, and he would pragmatically accept survivals which the revolutionaries would have cut out. His driving force was to keep control. Nevertheless, we can see the early republics being transformed slowly into more centralized states as Napoleon’s reign developed and he envisioned more of a European empire. One factor in this was the success and failure of the men Napoleon had placed in charge of conquered lands – his family and officers – because they varied greatly in their loyalty, sometimes proving more interested in their new land than aiding their patron despite in most cases owing everything to him. Most of Napoleon’s clan appointments were poor local leaders, and an exasperated Napoleon sought more control. Some of Napoleon’s appointees were genuinely interested in effecting liberal reforms and being loved by their new states: Beauharnais created a stable, loyal and balanced government in Italy and was very popular. However, Napoleon prevented him from doing more, and often clashed with his other rulers: Murat and Joseph ‘failed’ with the constitution and Continental System in Naples. Louis in Holland rejected much of his brother’s demands and was ousted from power by an angry Napoleon. Spain, under the ineffectual Joseph, couldn’t really have gone more wrong. Napoleon’s Motives In public, Napoleon was able to promote his empire by stating laudatory aims. These included safeguarding the revolution against Europe’s monarchies and spreading freedom throughout oppressed nations. In practice, Napoleon was driven by other motives, although their competing nature is still debated by historians. It’s less likely that Napoleon began his career with a plan to rule Europe in a universal monarchy – a sort of Napoleon dominated empire which covered the whole continent – and more likely he evolved into wanting this as the opportunities of war brought him greater and greater success, feeding his ego and expanding his aims. However, a hunger for glory and a hunger for power – whatever power that may be - seem to have been his over-riding concerns for much of his career. Napoleon’s Demands on Empire As parts of the empire, the conquered states were expected to assist in furthering Napoleon’s aims. The cost of the new warfare, with greater armies, meant more expense than ever before, and Napoleon used the empire to for funds and troops: success funded more attempts at success. Food, equipment, goods, soldiers, and tax were all drained out by Napoleon, much of it in the form of heavy, often annual, tribute payments. Napoleon had another demand on his empire: thrones and crowns on which to place and reward his family and followers. While this form of patronage left Napoleon in control of the empire by keeping leaders tightly bound to him – although putting close supporters in power didn’t always work, such as in Spain and Sweden – it also let him keep his allies happy. Large estates were carved out of the empire both to reward and to encourage the recipients to fight to keep the empire. However, all these appointments were told to think of Napoleon and France first, and their new homes second. The Briefest of Empires The empire was created militarily and had to be enforced militarily. It survived the failures of Napoleon’s appointments only as long as Napoleon was winning to support it. Once Napoleon failed, it was swiftly able to eject him and many of the puppet leaders, although the administrations often remained intact. Historians have debated whether the empire could have lasted and whether Napoleon’s conquests if allowed to last, would have created a unified Europe still dreamt of by many. Some historians have concluded that Napoleon’s empire was a form of continental colonialism that could not have lasted. But in the aftermath, as Europe adapted, a lot of the structures Napoleon put in place survived. Of course, historians debate exactly what and how much, but new, modern administrations could be found all over Europe. The empire created, in part, more bureaucratic states, better access to the administration for the bourgeoisie, legal codes, limits on the aristocracy an d church, better tax models for the state, religious toleration and secular control in church land and roles.

Question 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Question 2 - Essay Example This report is based on the implementation of ICT in the business strategy making process and the selected organization for analysis is Google Plc. Google is the largest market share holder of the search engine and internet browser industry (google.co.uk, 2014). With a diversified and huge product base they are among the industry leaders of the technological segment. The report will try to evaluate the process of ICT implementation by Google for business strategy development. Before the introduction of ICT in the business world, business processes focused on gaining accuracy in their strategies which slowed the response time of the business towards market changes. However, in the past two decades the increasing use of ICT in the business processes has brought in frequent changes that allowed the business houses to cope up with the changes in the market nature. Bossink (2008) stated that the basic role of ICT was to enhance the communication between a business and its stakeholders. But with continuous growth and modification in the strategy, ICT is now a dominant factor in every functional aspects of business. New technologies such as cloud computing have helped in business expansion across geographical boundaries and reduced the cost of operating overseas. Business houses can now monitor the work, gather, store and share information, synchronies their work process from a singular location in spite of travelling to all the places. Pollock (2010) stated that business operations have become more accelerated and focused with the help of ICT integration in the business. Business firms can now connect with a wider consumer base with the help of ICT technologies such as video conferencing. Furthermore, business monitoring process has also changed with advanced technologies such as cctv monitoring, employee tracking systems, etc (youtube.com, 2009). Zikmund (2008) summarized that the influence of ICT on the business process has been mainly on the

Field Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Field Research - Essay Example There is no denying the fact that a majority of the top models were affiliated to a few select brands like HTC, Samsung, Apple, Nokia and Blackberry. The Smartphone available at this store evinced a range of features and applications. The Samsung Galaxy S4 happened to be a really top end phone that offered varied flexible possibilities like the option to use microSD to expand the phone memory. This model was virtually an Android powerhouse. The phone came with an eye tracking and Smart Scroll feature that allows scrolling while looking at the screen while keeping the phone a little tilted. There is a smart pause features that pauses the video being played if the user is not looking at the screen. The Air View feature allows implementing advanced functionality by holding or swiping a finger or a hand slightly over the phone. Group Play feature allows for an ad hoc sharing of files between Galaxy phones as is the case in multiplayer games and also facilitates music streaming specifical ly in Galaxy S4 phones. Truly speaking this phone came with a range of advanced features. Apple iPhone 5 also happened to be a top class phone that promised multiple advanced features. ... With its advanced wireless technology, Apple iPhone 5 connects to more networks around the world. The speed is remarkable that allows for a hassle free browsing, streaming and sharing. The phone comes with the new A6 chip that is very powerful, without taxing the battery anymore. HTC One happened to be a Smartphone that came with a range of features not available in other Smartphone. It came with a 4MP UltraPixel Camera that happened to be the best in its class. HTC One runs on Android 4.1 (jellybean) however its user interface is way apart from the regular Android user interfaces. This model has done away with the standard Android hardware button layout and the device could be readily navigated with the help of only two keys. The BlinkFeed feature is really unique as it indeed boosts content sharing, and social media integration. The phone comes with two powerful frontal speakers. The phone comes equipped with an infrared based blaster that allows it to act as an extension to the us ers’ TV. The price of the Smartphone available at this retail outlet varied from as low as $97 for the Blackberry Bold 9650 (without contract) to as high as $605 for Galaxy S4 (without contract). No wonder the price variation in the market for Smartphone is high and a consumer really gets confused as to the brand one can chose. The special thing that was noticed in case of most of the Smartphone models was that packaging and display evinced a hallmark of marketing astuteness. In most of the models the packaging happened to be sleek and was mostly intended to enhance the aesthetic appeal and to allow for easy display and stacking in the stores. In terms of the packaging, most of the brands made it a point to appear innovative and unique. In the Smartphone market there

Genetically Engineered Crops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Genetically Engineered Crops - Essay Example The essay outlines the genetic engineering for agricultur. The U. S., British, and other governments that envision the biotechnology sector as the wave of the future, and as a means of augmenting their national competitiveness, have strongly supported the industry and its efforts to commercialize (and normalize) these new technologies. They have devoted considerable sums of money to biotechnology research (Gottweis 1998), taken significant strides to deregulate the industry (Wright 1994), and sought to promote the spread of U. S.-style intellectual property rights in the World Trade Organization. The U. S. government in particular has also promoted the dissemination of agricultural biotechnology in developing countries through the U. S. Agency for International Development. With so much economic and political muscle propelling them, it is not surprising that GE crops hit the ground running when they came onto the scene in the mid-1990s. But what is surprising is that the rapid growth in GE crop deployment has been matched by an equally remarkable (and perhaps historically unprecedented) proliferation of citizens' voices challenging the biotechnology industry on economic, environmental, cultural, and moral grounds. Indeed, long before transgenic crops made their way to the market, individuals and groups concerned about the dissemination of these new technologies were already questioning their safety, utility, and necessity. Advances in genetics have reached a stage where breeding schemes can now be augmented with the use of a number of technologies.

An American President and Its Political Themes Movie Review

An American President and Its Political Themes - Movie Review Example Wade for the passage of her environmental bill. The film showed that each of the Congressmen and the President himself plays a vital role in the passage of a bill whether it is beneficial to the people or not. The President in the movie along with his representative has to confer with the Congressmen to get their votes for the passage of the crime bill. According to Article II, Section I of the American Constitution, the president has the power to appoint high positions such as ambassadors and court judges but only after he has consulted with the Senate. The President has the power to make treaties with other nations but only after seeking advice and consent 2/3rds of the Senate. The constitution also stated that the President may recommend legislative measures he believed to be important in advancing the interest of the country and may veto bills from Congress but still he is subject to 2/3rds of the Congress. President Obama himself had a hard time convincing the Senate and the Con gress on the approval of the Recovery Bill or the stimulus fund. According to Herszenhorn in his article â€Å"Recovery Bill Gets Final Approval† for The New York Times, there was not a single House Republican who voted for the bill and that the bill’s passage itself was largely partisan in nature. ... fluences within their the political circle but also have the privilege to shape or destroy the future of the citizens under the guise of law and partisan loyalty. Another political theme showed in the movie is on the role of media in politics. The mass media in all its forms is very valuable to people who live a public life like the politicians and artists. The media is long known to either break or make a person’s career. In the movie, the media was seen as a tool that did both favor and misfortune to the President and his love interest. When the main antagonist in the film denounced the President and made an issue with his personal affairs, the media took the reign and published the criticisms which contributed to the rise and fall of the approval ratings. On the other hand, Sydney Ellen Wade, the love interest of the President suffered from the publicity which contributed to her loss in congress votes for the environmental bill and ended to her unemployment. Even if the med ia reports are unbiased it can change the perception of the public. Thus, it is very important that the general public should be equally proactive in determining whether the news feeds are unbiased, credible, and true. Bob Rumson, the Republican political rivalry of the President was seen in the movie to have made an effort to destroy the President’s credibility. When he discovered that the President was having an affair with Ms. Wade, she used it as a tool to create bad publicity against the President. Kaplan in her article â€Å"Perry dodges again† on CBS news revealed that GOP presidential candidate Rick Perry questioned again the citizenship of President Obama and the authenticity of his birth certificate. The issue on the authenticity of President Obama’s birth certificate was a

Recommendations for Reducing Inconsiderate Partying in the UDR Apartme Research Paper - 1

Recommendations for Reducing Inconsiderate Partying in the UDR Apartment through a A No-Inconsiderate-Partying Contract - Research Paper Example A No-Inconsiderate-Partying (NIP) contract is recommended because it can effectively and efficiently prevent and resolve insensitive parties in the UDR apartment. The contract will have a section on empathy, designation of quiet hours, a recommendation of other outlets where renters can party, and sanctions for violators, including cancellation of the lease. I also suggest a party room for every floor and enhancement of the soundproof quality of all rooms. These are more costly suggestions but they can increase profits and improve the living experience and brand equity. Hence, the most cost-efficient and effective is the No-Inconsiderate-Partying (NIP) contract that has high management and renter acceptability and sustainability. I am a recurring victim of inconsiderate partying in the UDR apartment at Domain College Park. Some of the renters here party up to 3 a.m. during weekdays. Though the apartment has students and employees renters alike, many renters are actually students since this apartment is in College Park, and this really makes it more inconceivable how they can be quite insensitive to the sleep and studying needs of other students like them. I could not always tell them to lower their noises because I am afraid of dealing with drunken adolescents and adults and because there have been times when I told them to lower their noise, which they did for a few minutes, and then they increased the noise again. I have gone to the apartment staff of the UDR apartment at Domain College Park to complain about these party noises. The staff stressed that they have a â€Å"no-party† policy and that they would remind the room’s  inhabitants about it.   These partying noises continue up to now.    Clearly, the no-party policy is not effective in deterring or resolving insensitive partiers.  Ã‚  

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the author, Mark Twain, compares life on land to life on the river using Huck’s forbidden friendship with Jim, the risks Huck makes, and when Huck joins Tom sawyer’s gang, proving that friendship has no limits. Life on land was emotional for Huck because of the obstacles and hardships he faced. Life on the river on the other hand was a challenge because of the troubles Huck had being safe. Huck and Jim’s forbidden friendship proves that friendship has no limits through Huck seeing past the fact that Jim is black. On land when Huck found Jim for the first time in the woods, he says â€Å"..it was Miss Watson’s Jim! I bet I was glad to see him.† This shows Huck enjoys Jim’s company, White or black, he regards Jim as a type of friend. Friendship has no limits and will see past each other’s differences. The risks that Huck made for friendship proves that friendship has no limits through Huck risking his friendship with Tom to save a friendship with Jim. Huck has already been through so much with Jim on land and river, and had made a promise to stay with him till the end. So Huck was willing to risk Tom for Jim. Huck had told Tom, â€Å"I know what youll say. Youll say its dirty, low- down business; but what if it is? Im low down; and Im a-going to steal him, and I want you keep mum and not let on. Will you? Huck was being a true friend and protecting Jim, he was going to risk his old friend to save Jim. That showed how loyal Huck was to Jim and their friendship, showing that friendship really doesn’t have limits. When Huck joins Tom Sawyer’s gang he is proving that friendship has no limits by taking the oath Tom had made. On land while Tom forms his gang he says, â€Å"Everybody that wants to join has got to take an oath, and write his name in blood.† Tom takes friendship as seriously as a religion. Both Tom and Huck believe in it faithfully, it’s like a belief in a religion. It proves that friendship has no limits when a friendship is most important to both of them.

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (UAB) In Gynaecological Practice

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (UAB) In Gynaecological Practice INTRODUCTION Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common complaint in gynaecological practice, represents a major proportion of out patients attendence. One, in 20 women in UK consulted their GP for menorrhagia. [1] A menstural cycle of fewer than 21 days or more than 35 days or a menstural flow of less than two days or, more than seven days is considered abnormal. [2] AUB can be categorized as excessive menstural bleeding, irregular, bleeding intermenstural including, postcoital bleeding. [3] Different terms, used to describe AUB are: oligomenorrhea (bleeding occurs at intervals of > 35 days usually caused by, prolonged follicular phase). Polymenorrhagia, (bleeding occurs at intervals of 21 days may be caused by a luteal phase defect). Menorrhagia, (bleeding occurs at normal intervals (21 to 35 days)but with heavy flow (80 ml) or duration (7 days). Menometrorrhagia, (bleeding occurs at regular, non cyclic intervals with heavy flow (80 ml). (2) Abnormal uterine bleeding, includes both DUB bleeding from structural causes. Dysfunctional bleeding can be anovulatory, which is characterized by heavy but regular periods. (I-e, menorrhagia). Structural causes include: fibroids, polyps, endometrial carcinoma pregnancy complications. Abnormal bleeding can also results from contraceptive methods. (4) In peri postmenopause women, it is essential to exclude endometrial carcinoma. In younger women, endometrial hyperplasia anatomical anomalies: such as uterine fibroids, comprise the main pathology. (5) Perimenopause is the period, 2 8 years preceding menopause 1 year after the final menses. (WHO). However, a better practical definition is, the phase preceding the onset of menopause, generally occurring around 40-50 years of age, during which the regular cycle of a women transition to a pattern of irregular cycles. (6) A variety of methods, have been used to investigate patients with AUB, such as, endometrial cytology, transvaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy, D C and endometrial biopsy . (7) The recommendation regarding, investigation of AUB is that women, over the age of 45, should be investigated with endometrial biopsy. Frequently, this is performed as an inpatient procedure with the biopsy being obtained by uterine curettage (D C). (5)This is the most common procedure used, to evaluate the endometrial cavity of a patient with AUB. (8) However, the value of endometrial curettage is great, in the establishment of histopathologic diagnosis. (6) The operation involves a G. A often a two day stay. Originally, the procedure was thought to have a therapeutic effect or AUB, But studies have failed to support this. This procedure is performed for diagnostic purposes, to exclude endometrial malignancy. (9) REWIEW OF LITERATURE ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a symptom it is not a disease, but is a common debilitating condition. Dysfunction uterine bleeding (D. U. B) is the diagnosis, given to women with AUB in whom no clear etiology can be identified. [10, 11]. An approach accurate diagnosis depend on recognizing the following types: Menorrhegia: is cyclic bleeding at normal intervals, which is excessive is larger than 7 days o and amount more than 80 ml frrom normal secretory endometrium after normal ovulation is caused by conditions affecting the uterus. (10, 11) Polymenorrhea: is cyclical bleeding which is normal in amount but which occurs at too frequent intervals of Polymenorrhegia: is cyclical bleeding which is both excessive too frequent. Eg: 9/20-12/20. It implies a disturbance in the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian uterine axis. (10) Metrorrhegia: It is bleeding of any amount whch is cyclical which occur irregularly or continuously in between normal cycles. It is caused by benign or malignant growth with ulcration. (10) Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding continuously occurs at the extreme of reproductive (adolesence perimenopausally). The abnormalities of ovarian activity may be classified as follows. Upto 90% of cases of DUB result form menstrual cycles in which ovulation does not occur (anovulation) (Dodds). The remainder of cases arise from problems associated with ovulation such as dysfunction of the corpus luteum or prolonged progesterone secretion. (12) Anovulatory Occasionally anovulatory cycles occur in all women. Upto 90% of cases of D. U. B result from menstural cycles in which ovulation does not occur(anovulation. The remainder of cases arise from problems associated with ovulation such as dysfunction of the corpus luteum or peolonged progesterone secretion. Chronic anovulation in associated with an irregular unpredictable pattern of bleeding ranging from short cycles with scanty bleeding to prolonged period of irregular heavy loss. In anovulatory cycles, the endometrium is unable to produce factors whose sysnthesis is controlled by progesterone, eg. PGF2a (Smith et al, 1982). This may account for the painless bleeding. Anovulatory bleeding may be associated with cystic glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium. This occurs in some older women also in peripubertal girl, where unopposed oestrogen secretion occurs. Endometrial hyperplasia may cause excessive bleeding, anaemia, infertility even endometrial carcinoma. (13) Ovulatory: (idiopathic bleeding) It appears that there are a number of endometrial products, which alters the degree of vadoconstriction thus may effect the volume of menstrual blood loss. In the mid 1970s, a relationship b/w prostaglandins (PG) production menorrhegia was suggested by work showing that total endometrial PG content was proportional to menstrual loss. It appears that a shift in endometrial conversion form the vasoconstrictor PGF20( to the vasodilator PGI2 occurs. Another important factor is endothelin, which is very potent vasoconstricter, produced within the endometrial vessels. Marshs group showed reduced endothelin immunostaining in the endometrium of women with monorrhegia , implicating this peptide in the pathophysiology of increased menstural blood loss. (Marsh 996) (13) Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Before Menarche: Malignancy, trauma sexual abuse or assault are potential causes of abnormal uterine bleeding before menarche. Child bearing years: Pregnancy is the first consideration in women of childbearing age who present with AUB. Potential causes of pregnancy related bleeding includes miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy , placenta previa, abrutio placentae trophoblastic disease. Next, iatrogenic causes of AUB should be explored. Bleeding may be induced by medication, including anticogulants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antipsychotics, cortiosteriods, hormonal medication, tamoxifen (Nolvadex). Herbal substance including ginseng, ginko, soy supplement, may cause menstrual irregularities by altering estrogen levels or clotting parameters. (14), (15) Systemic Disorders: Includes thyroid, hematologic, hepatic, adrenal, pituitary, hypothalamic conditions menstural. Irregularities are associated with both hypothroidism (23. 4% of cases) hyperthyroidism (21. 5% of cases). Coagulation Disorders: Inherited coagulopathy may be the underlying cause of AUB in 18% of white women 7% of black women with menorrhagia. Others causes include polycystic ovary syndrome or diabetes mallitis present with obesity, acne, hirsutism acanthosis nigricans. Genital tract pathology may be associated with intermenstural, postcoital and heavy menstural bleeding, Any history of abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, sexually transmitted disease, gynaecologic surgery, trauma or sexual abuse should be elicited. Uterine fibroids, endometrial polyps, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia and atypia and endometrial cancer should be excluded. [14, 15] Differential Diagnosis Pregnancy complications: Threatened abortion   Incomplete abortion   Ectopic pregnancy Nonuterine bleeding: Cervical ectropion/erosion   Cervical neoplasia/polyp   Cervical or vaginal trauma   Condylomata   Atrophic vaginitis   Foreign bodies Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): Endometritis   Tuberculosis Local factors: Endometrial polyps   Endometrial neoplasia   Adenomyosis/endometriosis   Uterine myomata (fibroids)   Intrauterine device (IUD) Uterine sarcoma Coagulation disorders: Thrombocytopenia, platelet disorders   von Willebrand disease   Leukemia   Ingestion of aspirin or anticoagulants   Iatrogenic Causes: Anticoagulants Antipsychotics Corticosteroids Herbal other supplements(ginkgo, soy) Hormone replacement intrauterine devices Oral contraceptive pills Thyroid hormone replacement PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING: The hallmark of normal menstrual bleeding is the final result of fluctuations in the hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal-Ovarian axis leading to predictable denudation and slough of the endometrium. Hemorrhage followed by prompt hemostasis and repair causes stabilization and regrowth of the endometrium. Physiologically, constant flow levels of estrogen prime the endometrium. Normal secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum stabilizes the endometrium, decreases vascular fragility and supports the endometrial stroma. Patients with menorrhagia typically have an imbalance of prostaglandins levels and increased fibrinolytic activity . Specifically, women with heavy bleeding often have elevated levels of plasminogen activators compared to those with normal menstruation. [16] An intact coagulation pathway is important in regulation of menstruation. Mensturation disrupts blood vessels and in the face of normal hemostasis, the injured blood vessels are rapidly repaired . Restoration of blood vessels requires successful interaction of platelets and clotting factors. Defficiency of platelets, abnormal platelet function and an intact coagulation pathway may be associated with profound changes in the menstrual ctcle. [16]. Anovulatory D. U. B is usually due to failure of the corpus luteum to sustain the developing endometrium. The decline of inhibin levels and rise in FSH levels reflect the loss of follicular activity and competence as the perimenopausal transition occurs, [16]. Ovulatory D. U. B occurs when ovulatory cycles coexist with intracavitary lesions including polyps, endometrial cancer or fibroids which cause erractic bleeding, [16]. NATURE OF ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING: The studies have shown mean menstrual blood loss to be ~ 30 ml per cycle in most societies, with loss > 60-80 ml per month being associated with an increased tendency towards iron deficiency and anaemia( Hallberg ET AL, 1996 ;Code et al, 1971). An upper limit of 60 ml may be more appropriate clinically. [17]. The duration of normal menstruation also varies greatly, with an average of 5 days and the heaviest loss usually on the first 2 days(Matsumoto at al, 1962 ; Rubin and Crosignani, 1990). Duration of flow is considered abnormal when it lasts 7 days. [17]. Abnormal uterine bleeding may involve any disturbance of regularity, frequency, duration or volume of menstrual flow and the causes may be physiological, pathological or pharmacological (Fraser and Sngertekin, 2000), [17]. MECHANISM S INVOLVED IN AUB: MENORRHAGIA: Menorrhagia is caused by certain pelvic diseases. The mechanisms by which these conditions cause excessive bleeding are poorly understood, but evidence suggest that large , thin walled and fragile surface vessels underlies the menorrhagia occurring with myomata and endometrial carcinoma. This disturbed angiogenesis is most likely a consequence of unco-ordinated release of angiogenic factors from the tumor themselves(Jane and Harris, 1998), s/a VEGF, bFGF, TGF-beta( Stewart and Nowak, 1996)[17]. The mechanism of increased blood loss with copper IUCDs is thought to be due to a combination if increased cytokine- producing endometrial leukocytes ( Sheppard, 1987), increased local fibrinolytic activity and epithelial surface erosion due to contact with the device(Shaw et al, 1979_. Release of PG and activation of mast cells and macrophages may be the underlying mechanisms. [17]. A quantitative reduction in platelets s/a in autoimmune thrombocytopenia or chronic renal failure can lead to increased menstrual loss. DYSFUCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEIDNG: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding accounts for ~50% of all cases of excessive uterine bleeding, 9Barley, 1972)[17] Anovulatory Dysfuctional Uterine Bleeding: The exact mechanisms behind anovulatory bleeding are unknown(Fraser et al, 1996) but it is known that unopposed estrogen can lead to excessive endometrial proliferation and hyperplasia with increased and dilated draining veins and suppression of spiral arterioles ( Beilby et al , 1971). Large thin walled, tortuous, superficial endometrial vessels can often be demonstrated on the surface of hyperplastic endometrium(Hamou, 1985) and increased fragility is a probable contribution to increased blood loss. Unopposed estrogen has a direct effect on the uterine blood supply by reducing vascular tone (Fraser at al, 1987) and possibly an indirect effect through inhobiting vasopressin releae( Akerlund et al, 1975) leading to vasodilation and increased blood flow. Unopposed estrogen also stimulates stromal VEGF expression which may contribute to disturbed angiogenesis ( Zhang at al, 1995 ; Smith , 1998). [17]. Ovulatory Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: The main defect in ovulatory DUB appears to be in the control of processes involve in the regulation of the volume of blood lost during menstrual breakdown of the endometrium, primarily the processes of vasoconstriction and haemostasis. [17] Endometrial glandular and stromal estrogen and progesterone receptor levels may be increased in the late secretory phase in women suffering from DUB (Gleeson et al, 1993 )[17] There may be some role of endothelins, which increase in at the time of normal menstruation. ( Cameron et al , 1992)[17] Reduced levels of endothelins may lead to an increase in the volume of blood lost. An increase in total PG release and disappropriate rise in PGE2 have been demonstrated in ovulatory DUB (Smith et al, 1981 ). It also has been shown that there is an increase in PGE2 and PGI2 receptors predisposing to vasodilation, in women with menorrhagia ( Adelantado et al, 1988 )[17] Prevention of platelet aggregation by PGI2 release may be an important contributing factor in ovulatory DUB ( Smith et al, 1981 ) as may increased endometrial tPA content, increased local fibrinolytic activity ( Bonner et al, 1983;Casslen et al, 1996;Gleeson et al, 1993 ) and excessive endometrial heparin like activity ( Paton et al , 1980 )[17} Endometrial lysosomal enzyme activity in women with ovulatory DUB is increased, and this activity is also observed in women with menorrhagia secondary to IUCD use (Wang , 1994 ){17 ) Matrix metaloproteinases may be important in contributing to abnormal endometrial breakdown and abnormalities of menstrual bleeding ( Salamonson et al, 2000 ){17, 18 ]. Granulated stromal lymphocytes, macrophages and othe migratory leukocytes may contribute to mechanisms of excessinve loss. [18] In DUB, delayed or incomplete endometrial repair could prolog menstrual bleeding episodes, but nothing is known about such mechanisms. [18] SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING: Frequent complaint include: heavy or prolonged menstural flow, social embarrassment, diminished quality of life, sexual compromise and alteration in life style. Pain is not a common presenting symptom unless associated with passage of large blood clots. Prolonged menstrual blood loss can be associated with anaemia. Typical complains of anaemia include fatigue, unusual desire of eating starch or dirt and headaches. Severe anaemia may cause fainting, congestive cardiac failure, exercise induced fatigue, shortness of breath. Hemorrhagic shock death are rare sequelae for DUB. [16] EVALUATION OF AUB IN PERIMENOPAUSAL WOMEN: 1.  History: History focuses on identifying the type of AUB:ovulatory, anovulatory or anatomic in order to guide treatment. Ovulatory bleeding is more common, usually cyclic, and can be associated with mid cycle pain, premenstrual symptoms and dysmenorrhea. Anovulatory bleeding occurs more frequently at the axtremes of reproductive age and in obese women. It is usually irregular and often heavy. Any history of easy bruising and tendency to bleed suggests coagulopathy. History of jaundice and hepatitis gives the evidence of liver sisease. [19] 2. Physical Examination: Physical examination includes looking for evidence of systemic disease. Pelvic and bimanual examination are done to detect disease in the genital tract. Cervical cytology analysis should be current and normal and cervical and vaginal swabs should be assesses to rule out infection. [19] 3. Laboratory tests: Beta subunit human chorionic gonadotropin for pregnancy. Complete blood count with platelet count for coagulopathy LFT, PT for liver disease. TSH for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Free testosterone for ovarian or adrenal tumor. [19] 4. Assessment of the uterine cavity: The main indications for assessment of the uterine cavity is to exclude pathology, most often seen in women over 45 years of age with anovulatory cycles. [19] A wide variety of methods are available for endometrial assessment including: Ultrasonography Endometrial Biopsy Hystroscopy Dilatation and curettage Sonohysterography Hysterosalpingography 1. Ultrasonography: Ultrasonography to look for ovarian or uterine disease. Transvaginal ultrasound is 80% sensitive and 69% specific for fibroids and polyps and is superior to transabdominal ultrasound. If possible, transvaginal ultrasound should be performed on days 4-6 of the menstrual cycle. [19] 2. Endometrial Biopsy: Endometrial biopsy is a simple office procedure that can be done by family physicians, [19]despite its convenience , cost effectiveness and safety, it is a blind endometrial sampling procedure. [20]It is a useful method to exclude malignancy in perimenopausal women. The annual incidence of endometrial cancer is 19. 5 per 100, 000 women. One in 4 cases of endometrial carcinoma occurs before menopause, so biopsy should be considered for high risk premenopausal patients, even in the presence of fibroids. Endometrial biopsy produces an adequate sample more that 85% of the time and detects 87-96% of endometrial carcinoma. [19] 3. Hysteroscopy: Hysteroscopy permits direct visualization of the cercical canal and uterine cavity, enabling observation of intrauterine abnormalities. Hysteroscopy is considered an accurate gold standard in uterine cavity evaluation. Despite the lack of adequate information about the diagnostic accuracy, it is used in many studies with and without endometrial sampling as a reference standard, [21] Hysteroscopy was reported to have sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) of 94. 2, 88. 8, 96. 3 and 83. 1% respectively, in predicting normal or abnormal endometrial histopathology (Garuti et al, 2001). The highest accuracy of hysteroscopy was in diagnosing endometrial polyps, where as the worst result was in estimating hyperplasia. In a recent study the sensitivity and PPV of hysteroscopy without endometrial biopsy in diagnosing endometrial carcinoma was only 58. 8 and 20. 8 % respectively (Lo and Yuyen, 2000 ). There, since the incidence of focal lesions in patients with AUB is 46-74% (Nagele et al, 1996;Pal et al, 1997 ), it seems that the most cost effective approach is to proceed with hysteroscopy complemented by endometrial biopsy, early in the assessment of AUB. [22] 4. Dilatation Curettage: Dilatation is a common surgical procedure done on women to scrape and collect the tissue from inside the uterus. Dilatation is a widening of the cervical passage. This is done using smoothy conical and tapered, graduated metal rods of various sizes and these appropriately called the dilators, which dilates the tight cervical passage slowly. Curettage is the second part of the procedure and is done to scrape the inside contents of the uterus. For this, a sharp spoon like instrument called curette is used. The procedure is usually performed under general anaesthesia. [23, 24, 25] Indications:[23, 24, 25]s Dialtation and curettage may be done as a diagnostic or a therapeutic procedure. Diagnostic: Diagnose conditions by collecting tissue samples for biopsy. To diagnose endometrial cancer. To investigate the causes of infertility. To investigate the cause of abnormal bleeding in postmenopausal women taking HRT. Therapeutic: Treat intermenstural bleeding To remove polyps in the endometrial or inner lining of the uterus. To treat irregular and heavy bleeding. To remove an embedded IUD used for contraception. To perform abortion in the early stages of pregnancy. To evacuate spontaneous abortion product. [23, 24, 25] Preoperative procedure: It is recommended that the patient take nothing by mouth, for at least 6 hours. Pain killers and antibiotics may be prescribed before the procedure. A sedative may be useful to relieve the anxirty of srgery. The genital area may be shaved and prepared for the surgery. An enema may be administered to clear the bowels. [23] Anaesthesia: General Anaesthesia: Most D Cs are done under general anaesthesia. The procedure is normally very short and the general anesthetic can be quickly reversed, with the patient going home soon afterwards. Spinal Anaesthesia: The advantage of spinal anaesthesia is that the patient is awake but at the same time does not have any sensation below the waist. It avoids all the complications of general anaesthesia. Local Anaesthesia: Occasionally, D C s are done under local anaesthesia, if the patient is not ready for general or spinal anaesthesia. [23, 25] Procedure: The vagina and cervix are cleaned with an antibacterial solution that may be iodine or alcohol based. The cervix is visualized using an instrument that is locatedin the vagina called the speculum. Lights are so adjusted to visualize the cervix so that its upper lip can be grasped with a special curved forceps called the Vulsellum. This helps both in stabilizing and bringing the cervix down towards the vaginal opening to ease with rest of the procedure. Dilatation is next done using sequential metal round tapered dilators and the opening to the uterus is gradually widened to about the size of a large pencil. Once this dilatation has been completed, the curette is inserted into the uterine cavity and is used to gently scrape the lining of the uterus. When the surgeon feels the gritty layer of cells just above the muscle of the uterus, then he/she knows that the scrapping has gone deep enough to sample the tissue adequately. This scrapping is done throughout the uterus and the tissue is sent to histopathologist. [23, 24, 25, 26] Post operative care: There may be mild abdominal discomfort after a dilatation and curettage, if pain is severe, consult a doctor. Medication should be taken as advised by doctor. Ensure to take antibiotics. Avoid the use of any contraceptive device or sexual intercourse for a week. Use sanitary napkins during this time period. If there are any signs of infection s/a fever , pain or discharge, consult the doctor immediately. [23, 24, 25] Contraindications: If a patient is too ill to undergo surgery. If the patient is unable to move her legs apart, s/a with severe arthritis in the hips. If the patient has problem with clotting mechanism of the body. [23] Complications: Complications are usually rare: Anaesthetic Complications: Reactions to anaesthetic medications. Breathing difficulties. Surgical Complications: Perforation of the uterus. Laceration of the cervix. Scarring of the endometrium. Infection of the uterus or other pelvic organs. Hemorrhage. [23, 24, 25] 5. SONOHYSTEROGRAPHY: Sonohysterography is being used more frequently for evaluation of women with many gynaecologic conditions. In 1992, it is reported the use of sonohysterography for detecting endometrial polyp in 14 of 148 infertility patients. In 13 of the women, polyps were asymptomatic. [27]This procedure is to be done by use of saline infused through a catheter into the endometrial cavity provides slight distention and separation of cavity walls, allowing the better visualization of uterine cavity. [28] Sonohysterography not only aids in diagnosis of intrauterine pathology but also in decision regarding surgical versus medical management of patients and and directs the approach and instrumentation required when surgical treatment is warranted. [28] It can be performed in any phase of cycle but the best time is during the first phase of the cycle especially when the indication is sterility or thickened endometrium at transvaginal sonography. [28] 6. HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY: Hysterosalpingography requires the use of radiations and iodinated contrast material. It is expensive and provides indirect information about the uterine cavity. One can delineate fibroids and polyps but cannot comment on endometrial thickness. [28] 7. MEGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: Magnetic resonance imaging , an expensive modality provides excellent images of the uterus and myometrial pathology disrupting the endometrium, however, intracavitary lesions are not well demonstrated. [28] EMBRYOLOGY OF THE FEMALE GENITAL SYETEM Although genetic sex is determined at fertilization, gender is not apparent until approximately the 12th week of embryonic life. By the 6th week embryonic life, both male and female embryos start to develop the following structures on either side of the midline. :[29, 30] Genital ridge (proliferation of coelomic epithelium ) Mesonephric (wolffian )duct (lateral to the genital ridge ). Paramesonephric ( mullerian ) duct which consists of: Upper vertical part lateral to the wolffian duct. Middle horizontal part crosses in front of the wolffian duct ( both upper and middle parts form the fallopian tubes ). Lower vertical part fuses with the similar part of the opposite side to form the uteri-vaginal canal (the upper part forms the body and cervix of the uterus while the lower part forms the upper 4/5 of the vagina ). The lower 1/5 of the vagina develops from the sino-vaginal bulbs in the posterior wall of the uro-genital sinus. [29] Origin and derivatives of the Mullerian Ducts: Mullerian ducts persists, in females to develop into the fallopian tubes, the uterus and part of the vagina. [31]. Mullarian duct grows , at first it is solid, but later it becomes canalized. It deviates more and more medially till it meets its fellow of the opposite side. The septum between the two mullerian ducts disappear. The proximal parts of the mullerian ducts form the fallopian tubes, while the distal parts meet together to form the body and cervix of the uterus and the upper 4/5th of the vagina. The stroma and muscles develop from the surrounding mesoderm. The fusion of the two mullerian ducts brings together two peritoneal folds which become the broad ligaments. [29] Ovary: Development of the ovary passes into three phases: Migration of the germ cells from the yolk sac to the posterior body wall at level of 10th thoracic level to enter the genital ridge The germ cells differentiate into oogonia then primaryoocytes and become arrested until puberty. Descent of the ovary to reach the pelvis along a ligamentous cord called the gubernaculums that is attached inferiorlyot the inguinal region. The gubernaculums becomes incorporated into the uterine wall at the point of entry of the fallopian tube and persists in the adult as the ovarian ligaments and the round ligament. [29] External Genitalia: Clitoris develops from the genital tubercle (by slight elongation ). Labia minora develops from the genital folds (by remaining separate ) Labia majora develop from the genital swelings (by enlarging greatly ). Vestibule develops from the lower most part of the urogenital sinus. [29]. ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF FEMALE GENITAL TRACT Uterus: The uterus is a fibromuscular organ and is a hollow and pear shaped highly vascular organ present in the pelvis between the bladder and the rectum. It is about 8 cm long and 5 am broad, within which fetal development occurs. Uterus is usually divided into a lower cervix and an upper corpus of uterine body. 1. Cervix; The cervix is narrow region at the bottom of the uterus that leads to the vagina. It has a convex round surface with a circular or slit like opening (the external os ) into the endocervical canal, ehich is approximately 2 -3 cm in length and opens proximally into the endometrial cavity at the internal os. [30, 32, 33] Histologically, the cervical mucosa generally contains both stratified squamous  epithelium (exocervix) and mucus secreting columnar epithelium (endocervix). The mucus secreting glands are confined to the endocervix. The area where the two types of epithelia meet is called the squamocolumnar junction. [30, 34]. Cervical mucus secreted by the mucosa layer of the cervical canal serves to protect against bacteria entering the uterus from the vagina . [33]. In the cervix, the stroma is firmer, more fibrous and less cellular. [34] 2. Uterine Corpus: The body of the uterus varies in size. At birth , the cervix and corpus are approximately equal in size, in the adult women, the corpus has grown to 2-3 times the size of the cervix. The uterine corpus is divided into different regions: Isthmus: where the endocervicla canal opens into the endometrial cavity. Uterine cornu: Funnel shaped area on each side of the upper uterine body receives the insertion of the fallopian tubes. Fundus: The portion of uterus above uterine cornu. [30] Histologically, the wall of the uterus consists of the following three layers: Perimetrium: It is serous membrane that covers the outside of the uterus. Myometrium: It consists of several layers of smooth muscles and imparts the bulk of the uterine wall. Contractions of these muscles during childbirth help to force the fetus out o